Chinese culture Essay Example for Free

Chinese culture EssayChinese culture is bangn to value education as one of the nearly important things that you rump have in the world. This historical importance of education in the Chinese culture dates back from the teachings of Confucius. mainland chinaware is also rich in gr ingest thinkers and philosophers, every last(predicate) having important contributions for China and in the global scale. There philosophy was that they believe in achieving social harmony through freeing humans from deprivation and be given appropriate education and learning. According to Confucian teaching, every of us have the potential to be great, and that education is a way to achieve this. Also, educating a person can help in correcting him, if ever he has strayed as to what is k presentlyn as ethical behavior. Confucius is a proponent of offering education to each the pile from all classes. Education has been a driving force for success populate from low social positions could have the c hance to rise and make their selves know through proper education. Confucius teachings have become a basis of the social norms of the country and a great tone in the formation of the Chinese baseball club. Everyone, takingside the penniless, strives hard to send their sons to school, in h centenarian for a c aren in their way of life.Education does non only prove to be a character of knowledge but also a source of hope. Chinese education is very democratic in nature, wherein it is open for any(prenominal)one, and that it promises to up rustle him the society as foresighted as he is capable to survive the hardships that are brought well-nigh by stu destruction lessons and arduous examinations. Chinese mass believed in the teachings of Confucius and have used the hope of education as a motivation. They are all veered towards a life of memorizing the Classics and studying for exams in the hope of having a good position in the society afterwards.Some of them succeeded in doin g so, and have found that their efforts have all been rewarded. They believe that if they work with their heads, they will be able to rule, being in the top arrangement of the society as for those who work with their hands, they are meant to serve others instead. Education then became a mode or strategy in order to survive in the country which is plagued with poverty, a country so large that the governing barely hears the calls of the people, unless you strive and make you known the purpose of having proper education.This was reflected in Lu Xuns publications, oddly in the Preface to Call to Arms. Lu Xun tells his life story, how he started as a young boy raised in a ridiculous family. When his father died of an illness without get properly cured, he was set into achieving a life in medicine. He aims to do this with the help of education. Just like most of the people in China, he sees education as a way to uplift them of their social status. Even if they are living a poor li fe, they take over have the chance to rise up from poverty.This is by sending him to study and get proper education, away from his family. His mother did everything in order to send him to school. scantiness didnt stand in the way she literally worked till her back hurt in order to support Lu Xun in his education. Lu Xun on the other hand did his part and went to a school in his search for education. He was much inclined with medicine, and he further learned that his father wouldnt have died if he was given the proper treatment, non the old ways of treating such ailments.Families suffered because of false prescriptions, lives were lost without actually being able to give any possible solutions to ailments. He studied a lot, and got into an introduction on Western aesculapian science to japan. This has brought him somewhere farther away from home, in the provincial medical college in Japan in his search for knowledge. He was thinking of being able to cure patients just like his deceased father, so that patients will not be wrongly treated anymore in the hands of the false prophets giving medical aids.He all dream of doing so upon his return to China even with the increasing unrest and development of wars at that time. Even so, he didnt lose sight of his dream. He thought that if ever war stony-broke out, he could then serve his country by volunteering to be an army doctor, alongside helping to strengthen the faith of his people towards reformation. What changed him that time is when he byword a film about the execution of a Chinese man. This was done in Japan when they found out about a Russian blemish in the person of a Chinese man.Other Chinese people gathered around the man being executed as spectators of what is happening to a fellow Chinese. This had opened his eye that even if he pursue medicine, this cant prevent the deaths of people who belong to a weak and backward country, and dying from illness may be very less likely to occur. The health of these people doesnt matter anymore, as long as they are leap out by the hardships of the society, they will all end up getting killed or watching others getting killed.The most possible solution that he could turn to was to change their spirit and this sparked his motivation to move on to literature. He could use up his skills in writing to end this problem, and probably be able to initiate a literary deed. He will pioneer a movement that could hopefully serve his peoples interestingness since most of the students in Tokyo are taking up law, political science, physics, chemistry and more, but none of them are studying the arts and literature.There were but a few who has the same inclination of an orbit as Lu Xun, and they have conglomerated in order to fulfill the same goal by turning to using literature as a instrument against the problems of the society. As their first step, they decide to publish a magazine, signifying a new birth. There are a lot of things that happened aft erwards, but eventually led to his show of various short stories, something that signify his success, maybe not totally, but in his self, he was able to fulfill his dream of affecting a large make sense of people through literature.Lu Xuns experiences were but a manifestation of Chinas enlightenment, wherein he was able to analyze the worth of his actions, how his futile attempts to lift his position in the society become a detrimental action for the country itself. Chinese culture offered education as a solution, but not all the time should people rely on it. This may cause their demise, if not the total destruction of their beloved culture. Education is really an important aspect to consider, especially for the part of the Chinese people.They give it great value, and they see it as a way to uplift the life they are living in. But during the whitethorn Fourth Movement of 1919, people have stood up to the test of time education is not always the solution. From Lu Xuns pint of view , his pursue of getting proper education in the field of medicine is not enough. His eyes were opened to the reality of the society they are living in a conflicting environment, that if they dont take action, they will end up getting crushed. Investing in the minds is not enough, since they have other aspects to fill in.People from other culture undermined the Chinese peoples abilities to assess things in life in the sense of practicality. They have been engrossed in education that they were neglecting the actual concerns of the people. They were more on an individualistic perspective rather that the interest of their nation. Lu Xun has realized this, from the time that he wished to have proper medical education so that he will be able to cure the person, which has been deprived for his deceased father. His personal intention of redeeming himself from the reality that his father could be saved has clouded his mind.In the early years of his time, he was just concentrating on his per sonal growth, despite the fact that he could have already involved in enriching the Chinese peoples spirit though literature. He realized this in his late years, and has been a manifestation of enlightenment in his personal level. Lu Xuns writings were really a call to arms, encouraging people to move, to take action so that they can avoid getting crushed. These are encouragements that he gives out to the people of China, an enlightenment that takes them to a transitional phase.The transition of these people is from self-centered efforts of education to the efforts which are more on the interior(a) interest. People who were just thinking about raising themselves from poverty are now encouraged to think on a national level what can they do to improve their country? It is authentically a manifestation of enlightenment, wherein the writings of Lu Xun was a call to arms which transformed self-centered Chinese people to a Chinese citizen concerned with the great interests of the count ry.This is highly manifested in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, wherein thousands of students stood up and fought for the country, making their voices heard all over the world. It was basically a cultural and political movement of the early modern China, which marked the awakening of a national interest, a wake-up call for the individualistic people to take action to save their country from the cargo hold of oppression from other countries. It awakened Chinese nationalism and re-evaluated Chinese cultural institutions including the pioneering Confucianism.This is to answer the oppression that they received from the partial settlements of the Treaty of Versailles, which is known as the Shandong problem, arousing national interest and awakening a movement inside every Chinese citizen. When the Chinese government embraced the intervention from foreigners and the interests of other countries, the Chinese people sensed dark in their demands from the country. Nationalism was ignited i n every heart of the Chinese people because of the unfair treatment being given by the present government who are getting help from foreigners in exchange of favors against national interests.The major proponents of these movements are the students, who stood up and took the streets so that their voices could be heard not only by the government leaders but also by the world. In the outbreak of the World War I, the Beijing government took the side of the Allied Triple entente because they are pursuing the return of Shandong to China. Shandong has been under the influence of Germany at that time, and China lacked its return. Japan, a fellow Allied power then pursued an beset on all German installations and properties including Shandong when the war came to an end.In a peace conference in Paris, the Chinese government requested for the return of Shandong to China, ever since Japan took it from Germany at the times of the World War I. But at the end of the peace conference in Paris, F rance, all the Chinese requests have been totally drop by the Western Allies, dominating most of the meeting and ignoring the sentiments of China. Even though these western countries advocated self-determination, it seems that they have betrayed the fellow Allied power China when they didnt direction to notice of their few requests and arrangements.These events have fueled the fire inside the hearts of the Chinese people, most especially the Chinese students, leading to the outbreak of what we know now as the May Fourth Movement, and event in history that marked the awakening of the Chinese minds towards the harsh reality that we have today the cruelty of man. In the early hours of May 4, 1919, Chinese students from the local universities of China came and met in Peking to draft and create a few resolutions to answer the Shandon Problem that has aroused from the unfair treatment that they have received from their allies.This includes the opposition of the German concessions in Sha ndong that was transferred to the Japanese hands. Another is to make everyone in China aware of the position they are into. They want them to know what is happening in their nation today, and that they want to raise the peoples awareness. Another was a call to arms, requesting the people to hold a ostensorium that will show their disgust and opposition to the results and terms included in the Treaty of Versailles.The Allied betrayal of China has raised the anger of the Chinese people which encouraged them to stand up and took the streets to hold a demonstration. Majority of these people are students, coming from the local universities of the country. They wanted to get rid of the traitors that has overlooked the interest of China for their own interests. They wanted to punish the political figures at that time which hold important positions as diplomats. The following days were all signs of demonstrations.People especially students from Beijing and other neighboring regions of the country rose and went on strike as a whole, encouraging other parts of the country to do so and follow what they have started. The movement went one, from Beijing to Shanghai to other parts of China, calling the people to take the streets, a true call to arms in order to fight oppression from other countries that opposed them. They have been deprived of their small requests, which mean that they were betrayed by their allies at one point of time.This event is comparable to Lu Xuns A Madmans Diary, wherein he features the accounts of a person who may not be in the right frame of mind, chronicling everything that he experiences in his day to day life as a normal person in his own point of view. This daybook serves as an answer to the May Fourth Movement, which is out on a different context. The mad mans views may be considered to be as China at that time, while the other characters could be considered as the close people in his life. The mad man views that he is the center of the att ention of all the people around him.They look into him as something different, not as a person, but as something material in nature. He thinks that these people wanted to eat him that they see him as someone that can be considered as food, someone that can be cooked just like pork, or chicken, and then be devoured to run across the hungry mouths of the people. He fears that anytime he can be attacked, be killed, butchered, and finally be eaten. Every time he walks out of his house, he is always wide-awake that people are looking at him differently, that they have other intentions in their minds.Even the neighborhoods youngsters look at him differently, just like how the old ones look at him. This has caused him of the uneasy feelings which deprives him of sleep and a good meal, and thinks that anytime soon, people will come barging in and attacking him so that they will be able to devour his flesh. These thoughts were not limited to his neighbors only. He has been thinking like th is even with his relatives. He is thinking that his older brother and their caretaker also wanted to eat him.He sees his brother as the biggest threat to his welfare, that he is also interested in devouring his flesh and organs. Because of this, he thinks that he is not safe even in his own house. He then confronts his brother and gets into an argument with him. In the end, he suspected his brother more, with the intentions of devouring his flesh growing as the time lengthens. This was a manifestation of the May Fourth Movements awakening. The mad man was China, wherein he is afraid of getting eaten by the people in the community.It reflects the significance of China in a global stature. Many pursue his flesh, and that is literally the territories of the nation. China is a rich country which makes it susceptible for the negative intentions that other countries have against it and its territories. He was trying hard to protect it, and even seek the help of his relatives. These relati ves are the Allied powers, whom China gave their allegiance. They wanted to get Shandong back in their names, only to aim out that even Japan, a co-Allied power was after it.And the worst part was that they were ignored by the other allied nations. What the Western allied countries did to China was a big slap in their face. They trusted them to help in restoring the territorial claims of Shandong along with a few requests, but none of these were answered. Japan took advantage of their coalescence and acquired Shandong for themselves, just like how the madman perceived it to be, his relatives, or in that matter his own brother, devouring his flesh out of greed.

Bankruptcy in the United States Essay Example for Free

Bankruptcy in the United States EssayThe paradox set up between the words pleasure and burn shows something unusual ab pop out the characterization of the speakerthat maybe he is a paradox himself and is at odds with what is ideal of as normal. Who the speaker is has not been revealed yet, so the reader is allowed to form opinions about his character before meeting the fireman. Further into the book, Montag no longer finds a pleasure, and he runs from his job as a fireman. Finally, the feeling of fire as a pleasure returns when he realizes fire can be used for warmth and ease rather than for destruction. Diction used (burn, eaten, blackened, changed) creates a fearful irritability and an ominous tone from the beginning. Chapter 1 Mood His lips quivered and the spectacles were dimmed with mistwe may apprehension here(predicate) till we die with that word the heat seemed to increase till it became a threatening weight and the lagoon attacked them with a blinding effulgence T his mood conducts an emotion beat to where the boys just came to their senses that they might not fixate it out of there. Nobody k flats they are there so they realized that they have to fight to make their way out.Later on they realized that the have to find or at least try to find others that may still be on the island. A foreshadow of this might be we may stay here till we die because since they are all children from 6-12 they may not make it out of the island Imagery The silence was so complete that they could hear the unevenness of piggys breathing. The sun slanted in and lay golden over half(prenominal) the platform. The breeze that on the lagoon had chased their tails like kittens wee finding their way across the platform and into the forest.So we may be here a long time This quote shows that after finding more people they all came to realization that would be there a long time because nobody knows where they are. The boys went silent as they realized what was actually hap pening. This quote emphasized the awkward silence as they all processed through their heads that they all may not either make it or go home. This symbolized imagery because I could really picture the surroundings and feel how quiet it must have been. al-Qaeda I agree with ralph. Weve got to have rules and obey them.After all were not savages. Were English and English are the best at everything. So weve got to do the right things This is in first person This part of the chapter identifies that start of them striving to do the right things. They werent sniping together so now they are forming themselves into groups, etc. to hold themselves together. The mood of this is determination because to me it seems that these boys are finally finding out to feel what its like to be on your own so they have to stick together in order to live.Civilization vs Savagery Chapter 3 Tone Everyones keeps running off. You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished? This passage is showing how they went to fun to serious. Because there are a lot of younger kids in the group it is harder for everyone to concentrate for long measurement of times. Causing things to fall apart and now people are getting mad and stressed. This creates a tone of seriousness even though the boys/chiefs are tho 12 Chapter 3Mood They looked at each other, baffled, in love and hate. All the warm slat water of the bathing pool and the shouting and plash and laughing were only just sufficient to bring them together again This passage shows that all it takes is a little fun to realize that everything is okay. The pass a few(prenominal) pages were full of everyone just stressing out and fighting and once they began to let loose and have fun ralph and jack realized that it was okay it brought them together again.The mood is jutting and a feeling of happiness There was a ship. Out there, You said youd keep the fire going and you let it out The boys are impor tunate to go home but with the choir out hunting the fire had gone out and the ship had passed them because their signal (fire) burned out. Ralph then became violent and raving mad and yelled at jack creating a mood of intimidation and anger. HE then released all the stress that had been built up and took it out on the gang.

Did Marx Condemn Capitalism As Unjust Sociology Essay

Did Marx Condemn Capitalism As Unjust Sociology EssayMarxs 1848 discussion of theoretical Communism is widely held by historians as one of the virtu on the wholey influential political texts ever written. Its principles formed the nucleotide of the Communist move manpowert and offered an alternative to the growing capitalism within various societies around the world. However, many of the principles that Marx offered baffle been debated by political commentators and historians through the ages. For example, Cohen argues the next Now, thither exists a debate about whether or non Marx regarded capitalist exploitation as below the belt. Some sound off it obvious that he did believe it to be unjust, and others think that he patently did not. (1995, p. 195).This premise will be examined in this essay, draw outing on various donnish works in order to provide credibility to the argument that Marx did indeed doom capitalism as unjust.Before analysing Marxs argument against capitalis m, it is necessary to examine it and draw conclusions as to what the implications within the text real are. The Communist Manifesto and German political orientation both deal with neighborly dynamics and the interactions amidst capitalism, production, the proletariat and Communism. Marx actually identifies capitalism as the following To be a capitalist is to have not only a purely birth(prenominal) tho a amic fitted status in production. Capital is a collective product, and only by the fall in action of many members, nay, in the last resort, only by the united action of all members of society, great deal it be set in motion. (2002, p. 236).As such, he actively asserts that capitalism is a manufactured state that is borne out of selfishness and the personal need to be materialistically rich. This implies that capitalism does not benefit the collective, instead macrocosm of benefit to the item-by-item looking to climb the brotherly ladder. Despite this, as capital is a co llective notion and so this gives the impression that it can be used to benefit everyone if it is utilised in the correct manner. This would create an equation that would ensure that nobody need ever suffer within society again. In German Ideology, Marx explains why this has not yet occurredthe patriarchal relationship between journeyman and master continued to exist in manufacture its place was taken by the monetary relation between worker and capitalist a relationship which in the countryside and in small towns retained a patriarchal tinge, but in the larger, the real manufacturing towns, instead early lost almost all patriarchal complexion. (1970, p. 74)Patriarchal societies had existed for centuries and implied that there was some sort of responsibility being taken for those less fortunate than the business owners, even if there was a major(ip) disparity in terms of wealth. The fact that Marx asserts that the patriarchal element of society has been removed speaks volumes about the level of social responsibility that he thought existed following the development of capitalism. The social responsibility that every individual had for his fellow man had disappeared and so it became every individual for himself, which not only led to social ascent but withal led to a greater gulf between the classes than previously existed (Jacoby, 1976, p. 206). This is just one of the reasons why it can be argued that Marx believed capitalism to be unfair and unjust.The fact that every individual became concerned with what he could get and forgot about his fellow man was just the start of Marxs damning social commentary. The tinge that this had upon the proletariat was far more profound in retrospect than anybody imagined beforehand. However, Marx predicted the unjust treatment of the waged people that Hampsher-Monk highlightsThere was a battle to establish against the remnants of political and economical feudalism the institutions of a liberal and commercial state, an d there was, for some others at least, the battle to establish a socialist answer to the veils of developing capitalism, the poisoning and maiming of workers and children in regulated factories, the discharge of untreated poisons, the destruction of familial stability and resulting poverty (1992, p. 487)Reports of the events outlined above had begun to filter through when The Communist Manifesto and German Ideology were published but got worsened after the spectre of capitalism began to grow. Those events within the quote represent just a sample of the treatment that the waged people had to engender and they aptly highlight the problems that capitalism provided them with. Unable to escape industry because they needed to feed their families, the proletariat were subjected to awful conditions for their bosses to make a profit and the latter(prenominal) did not care providing their own wealth grew. This is yet another example of how and why capitalism was indeed unjust. By highlightin g these events and the lack of care from the higher social classes, Marx actively and effectively argues that capitalism is unjust and uses the very principles of capitalism to do soIt is important to remember that the assumptions Marx begins from are assumptions about capitalism taken from capitalisms own ideologues. His is a picture of a buoyant and innovative capitalism, competitive, and with plenty of capital accumulation through profits. (McClelland, 1996, p. 558).By using the ideology of capitalism to frame his argument, Marx is able to highlight the social injustice that capitalism can bring within its own framework, thus highlighting the negatives that lie behind the presented positives.Tucker also introduced the paper of capitalism actually being legalized robbery (1969, p. 43) because it deprives the individual worker of what he or she is actually entitled to the wage worker under capitalism was being robbed of something that rightfully belonged to him, or that profit wa s theft (1969, p. 39). In short, the individual worker is only paid a fraction of what his or her labour is worth under capitalism with the anticipateder going to the employer. As such, it is not the labour offered by the worker that proves fruitful but rather the exploitation of that labour by an individual from a higher class who never has to get his hands dirty in order to reap the rewards. This exploitation and lack of appropriate reward is repeatedly highlighted by Marx, especially in relation to wages The average price of wage labour is the minimum wage, i.e., that quantum of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the squat in bare existence as a labourer (2002, p. 236). This particular quote highlights how unjust capitalism actually is in relation to the present and the future. It also provides evidence that there are no just rewards procurable for the proletariat. Designed to maintain the status quo, much as feudalism was, it actually provides a wo rse situation for the working class because they become further entrenched in capitalism. There is no hope of relief because of the lack of patriarchal values and opportunity to advance in the workplace or life in general. When placed alongside Marxs ideological system of equality, capitalism is proven to be unjust.Husami asserts that no social system has ever been condemned more radically, indicted more severely, and damned more comprehensively than capitalism was by Marx. It is a system of domination of men by men, of men by things, and of men by impersonal forces. (1978, p. 27). In doing so, he effectively makes the case for Marx arguing that man is subordinate to the machine under capitalism. In fact, this is observable within all of Marxs political texts. The proletariat is considered to be the commodity in that it is effectively the machine. If the proletariat did not work past the machine would not work, but a machine does not have of necessity. A person and indeed a soci ety does. This is another reason why capitalism is so unjust. The needs of the individual wage worker are ignored and so are in no path fulfilled. In becoming a cog in the capitalist machine, the wage worker is forced to forego all rights and individual wants and needs he may have. As Husami argues, everything becomes impersonal and nobody is treated with the venerate and individualisation they deserve. In stripping every wage worker of his humanity and rendering him a faceless machine part, it is easy to ignore the individual without management too much on what he is being deprived of. Capitalism makes that possible and ensures that the threat of unemployment is hanging permanently over their heads (McClelland, 1996, p. 537). This, in turn, ensures that wage workers remain in their social place and do not have a voice to use unless they come together as a collective. As such, this is the basis of the argument for the onset of Communism that Marx presents within his ideological t exts. The workers have to come together in order to create a movement strong fair to middling to overthrow the unjust capitalism.However, not all academics agree that Marx argues that capitalism is unjust, citing that there are explicit denunciations and sustained criticisms of social thinkers (such as Pierre Proudhon and Ferdinand Lassalle) who did not condemn capitalism for its injustices or advocated some form of socialism as a means of securing justice, equality, or the rights of man. (Wood, 1972, p. 244). Whilst it is true that the views of the social thinkers did stand opposed to Marxs views, this argument can be perceived in a number of ways. For example, Marx himself denounced Proudhon because his petty bourgeois leanings had a tendency to wish to resort to authoritarian solutions (Thomas, 1990, p. 237). As such, it could be argued that the way in which social thinkers viewed capitalism did not match up with the way Marx himself perceived it, meaning that he neither thought it completely unjust or worthy of total eradication. In fact, it is possible to read The Communist Manifesto in a way that agrees with this perspective. For example, if Capital is a collective product (Marx, 2002, p. 236) then the lower classes control it as much as the upper classes do. However, even with all of the above in mind, there is too much evidence available to prove that Marx did consider capitalism as unjust. Marxs use of language and words like robbery, embezzlement, booty, theft, plunder and usurpation betray his feelings towards the concept of capitalism for all to instruct (Husami, 1978, p.43). This dichotomy just serves to prove that capitalism can be both just or unjust, depending on ones class interests and the conditions which determine them. (Kain, 1991, p. 160). Marxs perspective definitely belonged to the latter category and not the former.In conclusion, whilst an alternative reading is possible as a result of the nature of the debate itself and Marxs condem nation of social thinkers that followed in his footsteps, it is quite clear from in depth analysis that he believes that capitalism was unjust. His argument against capitalism characterises it as dehumanizing, disenfranchising and downright unfair based on the contribution of workers to society. Although there is no direct argument against the modernisation, there is an argument against the social condition that it imposes on the workers. In terms of the rewards that the individual gets, capitalism most certainly is unjust and the Marx argument can still be applied to society today.

How to Identify Different Types of Learners

How to Identify Different Types of LearnersHow does a instructor identify the different types of learners in a talking to classroom and how best curriculum for this afterwards?plan, t severally / act, observe and reflect(Sue Davidoff and Owen van den Berg, 1990)The ObservationMy observation was undertaken at the British Council in capital of Kuwait/Gulf Regionej1. The observation class was of mixed nationality Arabic quarrel speakers at Intermediate level. There were twenty assimilators in total, 80% males to 20% females. The class comprises of 30% schoolchilds, 60% working or professional people 10% homemakers others. The age range is between 20 to 55 years. The class is halfway through a 6 months language course. I observed and was involved in a 90 minute lesson foc victimisation on vocabulary, reading and speaking. At the end the instructor answered my prepared questionnaire (see Appendix)ej2.The pursuance essay consists of a brief theoretical, analytical and practical e xamination of learning styles and typologies in a language classroom and how best to plan for them. It includes an analysis of specific elements from the observed lesson (see Appendix for a copyej3) put in the context of theory and intended future rehearse.To support the lesson, the teacher used the fair board, an overhead projector with one transparence and three handouts. Whole class work focused on provision of vocabulary and contextualisation of the material. The material was real and relevant to modern interests and cultures. The teacher used discussion starters to motivate and assist student interest and involvement (as Allwright and Bailey advise, 1991) Responses were elicited from the class and supported through teacher modelling of pronunciation and writing on the white board. Individual work was limited. The teacher had established small pigeonholings (three to four students) aimed at balancing ethnic background and gender.Research channelises the greatness of tas te and catering for different learning styles and cognitive strategies. When a learning style is non catered for, the student can easily become bored and inattentive, do poorly on tests, get discouraged about the course, and may conclude that they are not good at the subjects (Zhenhui, 2001). Various parameters have been constructed for defining students preferred way of learning, much(prenominal) as Knowles (1982) concrete, analytical, communicative and authority-orientated learning styles (cited in Richards, 1994). Another defines the groups as auditory, visual and kinaesthetic learning styles (Krause et al, 2003, pp154-155) whilst figure 1 gives a representation of student and teacher inter-reactions dependent on learning styles. Some researchers such as Richards (1994, pp.59-77) consider an individuals culture as vital to understanding learning styles. Ladson-Billings (1995) advocates a method of Culturally Responsive Teaching which integrates cultural points of reference thro ugh out the learning process. Others disagree (Kubes, 1998, cited in Krause) and cite more(prenominal) universal forms of learning.This class was both interested and engaged in its learning. However, during the interview, the teacher expressed a wish that there was more time for individual tailoring. The teacher acknowledged that this would better cater for the range of learning styles. More concrete resources (actual materials eg fruit, etc) and increased use of visual aids (magazines, more transparencies, laminated pictures) may also attention to convey understanding and increase retention.Two tests were used during the class one was a linking exercise and one a reading exercise. The teacher finished the lesson with each student expressing an opinion on an article using the lessons language. Whilst these were not formal tests, they involved assessment strategies. As Nunan points out (1990, p62) assessment contributes part of the information for student evaluation. As this infer s, the tools for student assessment, be they observational, formative or summative, need to balance with an understanding of the bigger picture. For example, the goal may be to allow students to understand, practise and develop their give language and learning strategies (see Hismanoglus exploration of lecture Learning Strategies, 2000) be they direct or indirect strategies (Oxford, 1990, p9). Most students require build and precise scaffolding (Vygotsky, in Krause, 2003, pp60-65) to develop their metacognitive practises for making meaning. Assessment can act as a benchmark to the success of the learning process and show the teacher areas that need to be covered again or in a different way.There is no space here to do full-of-the-moon justice to the impact of the learning environment upon students yet it needs inclusion for a balanced understanding of students learning styles. Suffice it to say that, as Nunan and give birth say (1996), the teacher needs to aim for a safe, posit ive and progressive environment that encourages student participation, thinking and risk-taking. Much as assessment is an end outlet of reflection upon what one wants to define, the learning environment should be based upon a thorough understanding of theoretical aspects. For example, traditional tenet methods tended towards a unitary hail to intelligence. Contemporary theories, such as Gardners work on multiple intelligences (cited in Krause et al, 2003) allow for the inclusion of variable factors that define a students strengths and weaknesses. Many agree with Wilsons (1998) assertion that Gardners MI theory helps teachers createmore personalized and diversified instructional experiences and develops empowered learners (http//www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm) look 2. Adapted from Huitt, 2004, http//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.htmlThis holistic approach agrees with an understanding of other influences upon learning, Maslows hierarchy of needs for ex ample (see Figure 2), or Bronfenbrenners (1979) bionomic systems theory. These ecological factors encourage more integrated forms of assessment and are particularly useful in understanding various forms of washback (see Cushing Weigle, 2002) that may result. Other more structured tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indications Survey, (Myers McCaulley, 1985) may also have their place.The teacher used gender and ethnic background to balance the groups. The groups worked well together in a pro-social manner. However, Woods encourages conscious examination of an educators own attitudes, especially when the may cause subconscious actions and opinions to form (Woods, 1996). Should the two parameters of gender and ethnicity become constraints, then they are not valid means of group construction. Sometimes is waited that not all group members contribute in their cooperative learning. However, research has shown that even those who do not appear to be so communicative do benefit to a deg ree from the listening and processing that this format provides. It may be that they are better at working individually and as such should have the opportunity to do so.The teacher used elements of the 3 Ps approach presentation, practise, production. However, as the lesson transcript shows, the language was expanded in what became more of a Harmer-style engage study activate method.I would like to list the implications for my own teaching under the following pointsUse a wide range of teaching strategies and styles to ensure comprehension eg support spoken material with writing on the white board, leave the transparency up on the overhead projector, bring in concrete materials, provide visual clues, model your required responses, set short, realistic goals and review and recycle often. (Antonaros, 2005 ), role play, use song.Use methods according to the area you wish to cover, the materials you have prepared and present concisely and precisely. If the area is suited best to dire ct instruction then use it, if student-centred instruction or co-operative groups then vary accordingly. Motivation and interest are paramount, but sound understanding is the goal.Prepare your materials so that they are interesting, real, relevant, encourage thinking whilst supporting language development.Take an action research approach to (for example Wrights, 1987, 2005) to develop a thorough understanding of my students learning and cognitive styles and my own attitudes.Use active listening to understand, modelling to improve and discussion to encourage communicationUse teacher modelling strategies to develop the students self-reliant language learning skills as exemplified by Lowes and Target (1998) in Helping Students to Learn.Providing a positive learning environment where mistakes are not deridedAssign readiness that re-caps and therefore re-enforces the issues covered in the lesson.Ensure equity in communication make sure everyone has a chance to speak.Every teacher who has taught a group of grown-ups knows that some individuals may be reluctant to speak, especially when they realize or assume that other students are more fluent.(Turula, 2002)ReferencesAllwright, D. Bailey, K. (1991). Focus on the language Classroom. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Antonaros, S. (no date) face Inside and Out for the Answer to Motivating Our Learners http//www.tesolgreece.com/nl/75/7505.html) Accessed 7th February 2006Davidoff, S., Van Den Berg, O. (1990) Changing Your Teaching. The challenge of the classroom. Pietermaritzburg Centaur PublicationsGardner, H. (1983) Frames of Mind. New York Basic Books,Harmer, J (1998) How to Teach English. Harlow, UK LongmanHismanoglu, M. (2000) Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 8, August 2000Knowles, L (1982) Teaching and Reading. London, UK National Council on Industrial Language Training.Krause, K., Bochner, S., Duchesne, S. (2003) Educati onal Psychology for learning and teaching. Southbank, Victoria Thomson.Kubes, M (1998) Adaptors and innovators in Slovakia Cognitive style and social culture. European Journal of Personality, 12(3), pp.187-198Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But thats just good teaching The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34(3), 159-165.Lowes, R. Target, F. (1998). Helping Students to Learn. London Richmond.Malamah-Thomas, A. (987). Classroom Interaction. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press.Nunan, D., Lamb, C. (1996). The Self-Directed Teacher. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Oxford, R. (1990). Language Learning Strategies What Every Teacher Should Know. New York, USA Newbury kinsperson Publishers.Richards, J.C., Lockhart, C.L. (1994). Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Richards, J.C. Nunan, D. (eds.). Second Language Teacher Education. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Turula, A (2002) Language Anx iety and Classroom Dynamics A report card of Adult Learners. Forum English Teaching Online, US Dept of State, Vol. 40 (2). http//exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol40/no2/p28.htmtopWilson, L (1998). Whats the big attraction? Why teachers are drawn to using Multiple Intelligence Theory in their classrooms? http//www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm Accessed 7 February 2006Woods, D. (1996) Teacher Cognition in Language Education. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University PressWright, T. (1987). Classroom Management in Language Education. Hampshire, UK Palgrave MacmillanWright, T. (1987). Roles of Teachers and Learners. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press.Zhenhui, R. (2001) Matching Teaching Styles with Learning Styles in East Asian Contexts, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VII, No. 7, July 2001WebsitesMatching teaching styles http//iteslj.org/Techniques/Zhenhui-TeachingStyles.html accessed 3 February 2006.Language Learning Strategies http//iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-Strategies.ht ml accessed 3 February 2006Maslows Heirarchy of Needs, Huitt, 2004, http//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html. Accessed 7 February 2006Language Teaching http//www.ittmfl.org.uk/modules/effective/6a/paper6a4.pdf accessed 5 February 2006ej1Where exactly, or does this remain hypothetical?ej2Need to verify and add reckonej3Need to verify and add number

Limitations Of Biometrics

Limitations Of biometryThis paper foc utilisations on the limitations of biometry and demonstrates how the theory of empennagecellable biometry can mitigate such limitations. Cancellable biometry gives biometric systems, theoretic in ally, the ability to re-issue biometric signals. Thus, if a biometric informationbase is ever compromised, the biometric run across can be re-set. Our team believes that cancellable biometry should be a best practice when utilizing biometric technologies. This paper begins with a earth of biometric technologies, the global biometric foodstuff, and general limitations of biometry. The main body foc determinations on the background, concepts, and function of cancellable biostatistics offered as a solution for some of the limitations addressed. Finally, an analysis of cancellable biometrics advantages and disadvantages concludes our paper.What is Biometrics?To fix biometrics, you can look at the Greek translation. Bios translates to life and metric translates to measurement. This leads to a direct translation of biometrics to life measurement. (Biometric Definition-What, 2005) Biometrics is a technique for appointment of people that uses body characteristics or behavioral traits and is increasingly existence utilise instead of or in conjunction with other(prenominal) plays of identification based on something you collapse (e.g. ID card) or something you know (e.g. password or PIN). (8.5 Biometrics) The direct Greek translation of life measurement is fitting because biometrics looks to measure physical or behavioral traits of a human for identification purposes.There are two types of biometrics behavioral and physical. Behavioral biometrics measures the characteristics that an individual naturally acquires over the scotch of their lifetime. Examples of this engine room include speaker recognition, signature verification, and keystroke verification. Physical biometrics measures the physical characteristics and body measurements of an individual. Examples of this technology include seventh cranial nerve recognition, fleur-de-lis and retinal scan fingerprinting, and deoxyribonucleic acid typing (Biometric Definition-What, 2005). There are also two modes that biometrics can operate in verification and identification. Verification is used to validate a somebody against who they claim or present themselves to be. It is a one to one match between the acquired guide of the individual and a stored pathfinder for duplicate. This mode relies on individuals go in their biometric information into the system prior to trying to gain opening to it (8.5 Biometrics). Identification is the process of trying to figure out who an individual is. This involves a comparison of the individual to a list of guidebooks stored in the entropybase. (Yun, 2003) Physical biometrics can be used for either verification or identification while behavioral biometrics is typically only used for verification purposes. (Bi ometric Definition-What, 2005)The History of BiometricsBiometrics seems to be a modern sidereal day technology, but its concept was essentially employ as far back as the fourteenth century. Chinese merchants used fingerprinting during the fourteenth century to identify children (Osborn, 2005). In 1890, Alphonse Bertillon developed a form of biometrics known as anthropometrics. Anthropometrics is a method of identifying individuals based on precise measurements of their body and physical descriptions. This method fell out of use when it was observed that multiple individuals could share the resembling body measurements. (Biometrics History, 2006) Early in the 20th century, an applied mathematician named Karl Pearson used statistical history and correlation to biometrics research. Signature biometric stylemark was developed during the 1960s and 1970s, marking a capacious breakthrough in behavioral biometrics. (Osborn, 2005) Also during this time, the FBI pushed for automating t heir fingerprint recognition process. This automation was the start of modern day biometrics, a combination of the biometrics process with information technology. During the 2001 Superbowl in Tampa, Florida, face recognition software was installed at the stadium to identify known criminals. (Biometrics History, 2006) Post 9/11 terrorist attacks, there was a huge push by the U.S. government to implement biometrics on a large scale. The government began installing facial recognition hardware and software in airports to identify suspected terrorists. (Osborn, 2005)Generic Biometric SystemWhile there are more biometric technologies in use today, and many more being invested in and researched on, they all share a similar process flow (Yun, 2003). The following image is a basic block plot of a biometric system witnesser (Yun, 2003)The process always starts with some type of sensor device. This is what captures the biometric information. The capture information is then sent through a tr eat phase. Here the information is cleaned up, noise is removed, and the important info is enhanced. The processed data is then put together to form a guide. A template is what represents the biometric data within the system. If its the first time the individual is using the system, the template is stored within the system. Otherwise, the generated template is compared against an already stored template during the matching process. If the biometric technology is operating in a verification mode, the generated template is matched against a specific stored template. If the technology is operating in an identification mode, the generated template is matched against a list of stored templates. If the matching process yields a controlling match, then the individual is granted access to the application device. (Yun, 2003)Current Global Biometric MarketIt is important to consider the prevalence of biometrics. Although it whitethorn seem futuristic, biometrics is being used in countries all over the world. According to Prabhakar, Pankanti, and Jain, biometric applications fall into threesome main categories commercial, government, and forensic. The commercial category includes applications used in e-commerce, banking, and social networking sites. Governments use biometrics for drivers licenses, immigration control, and e-passports. Forensic applications include devices used in criminal investigation and prisoner identity control. (Prabhakar, Pankanti, Jain, 2003)According to BCC research, the global biometric revenue increased from $1.950 million in 2006 to $2.7 billion in 2007. The compound annual growth rate from 2007 to 2012 was pass judgment to be 21.3% (The Global Biometrics Market, 2007). As you can see from the figure below, the biometric technology being used ranges from fingerprint scanners, leading the market, to hand geometry scanners.The market statistics above were derived in 2007. As a means for comparison, our group thought it best to notice mar ket research from at least one more source. According to a more recent article, issued by homeland credential newswire on January 18, 2011, the market is expected to grow at 18.9% per year until 2015, bringing estimated global revenue from biometrics up to $12 billion in 2015. Fingerprint technologies forget hush up dominate the market, with face, iris, vein, voice recognition following (Biometrics market expected, 2011). BCC assumed a 21.3% annual growth rate, which would fuddle made 2011 expected revenue around $5.8 billion, the actual 2011 global biometric market revenues totaled $5 billion (Biometrics market expected, 2011). The main point is that the global biometrics market has been growing as expected and is expected to grow.Biometric technology offers significant advantages, but there are some limitations that need to be addressed as the biometric market continues to grow. For example, although the US has been the leader of the biometric market, scanning of iris or fing erprints to use ATM machines has not been implemented due to privacy and expense concerns. (Biometric ATMs not, 2005) angiotensin-converting enzyme of the major limitations is the issue of privacy. The issue of privacy and other limitations, if not resolved, may continue to prevent the biometric market growth as seen by Americans lack of biometric ATM machines. The following section will discuss limitations of generic biometric systemsLimitations of BiometricsAn obvious issue with biometrics is costs. The table below was derived from the product offerings of a leading biometrics supplier, digitalPersona, Inc., using the framework from their whitepaper on best practices. This chart includes all aspects of a typical assay-mark system. As you can see the cost of biometric technology hardware and software is expensive in itself and costs for training, design, maintenance, and security will also be incurred.CategoryDetailsCostTimeTrainingUsers, administrators$100-$1,500 per user1 hour 5 daysDesignEnsure compatibility with other systems$1,000-$4,0001 day 10 daysInstallationHardware and software purchases/configure$3,000-$50,00010 days 30 daysUser enrollment learnedness of biometrics$50-$175 per user.75 hrMaintenanceAdd/modify users$25-$200 per instance0.5 hrSecurityExtra safeguards within system to fancy privacy$500-$20,0001 day 10 daysSource (Best Practices, 2009) some other area of concern with biometrics is the fact that once a biometric image has been leaked or obtained by an unauthorized source, that image is no longer secure for use with any application (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). Authentication tools, such as passwords, keys, and identification cards have always been easily cancellable and renewable, but biometrics have been a concern because users only have, in general, one face, two eyes, one set of fingerprints, etc. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). Although it is thorny to do, determined data thieves can extract biometric images and put them to improp er use, rendering stolen images useless in terms of security.The figure below demonstrates eight vulnerabilities of ordinary biometric systems.Source (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001).Figure www.fidis.net formerly original biometric data is obtained, reproduction can easily be achieved. Attacks around the sensor may include inputting fake or copied biometric signal (point 1) or using a copy of a genuine biometric, tape with fingerprint, to bypass the sensor (point 2) (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). The other parts of the system, feature extraction method (points 3 and 4), the matching device and decision (points 4 and 8), the database that holds the biometric images (point 6), and the communication channel between database and matcher (point 7), are much harder to attack, but if successfully breached will result in the stealing or transmutation of biometric templates which cannot be replaced (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001).The biggest disadvantage of biometrics is that biometric data cannot be changed or reset. For example, if a password is stolen, a new password can be created. However, if a biometric characteristic is stolen from a database, a new biometric characteristic cannot be issued. Thus, if a biometric database is compromised, that biometric used for authentication purposes cannot be used again.Finally, there is a huge privacy concern, as seen with the USs delay of implementing ATMs with biometric systems. The uncomparableness of biometric data raises this concern. There is already an enormous amount of data being collected by social networking sites, employers, the government, sell stores, medical centers, etc., Each entity may identify someone with data that can either be changed or is not solely unique to them, such as an email address or a name (Joe Smith). Thus, if the government wanted information from a retail store about a particular person, they may not be able to determine, from the retailers database, whether it is Joe Smith from Californ ia or Joe Smith from Arkansas. Currently to make data sacramental manduction possible, data would have to be diametrical with more data in order to identify the right person and then share information about that person between entities. This idea of data sharing among entities produces a fear in some people with regards to the use of biometrics because biometric data is completely unique to a person. If all these entities have biometric data, data unique to just one individual, all the entities could share data in their databases (cross-matching). For example, data collected by private company can be matched with the governments data. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001)One solution to this privacy concern is cancellable biometrics (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). Cancellable biometrics allows authentication biometric signals to be re-set if a database is every compromised. Basically, cancellable biometrics distorts a biometric signal based on a certain veer during enrollment, and conti nues to distort it the same way for every presentation and authentication thereafter (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). If biometric data is ever stolen, a new transform is used and re-enrollment is allowed (Gaddam, Lal, 2010). The following sections further explain cancellable biometrics and how it can mitigate the risks of biometric systems vulnerabilities.History of Cancellable BiometricsThe study and research around cancellable biometrics is relatively new with near research beginning around the turn of the 21st century. Although many have contributed to the field, several publications, including the Encyclopedia of Biometrics (2009) and The Journal of the chassis acknowledgement Society colligateence Nalini Ratha with the concepts that led to the creation of cancellable biometrics (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). Cancellable biometrics was conceptualized as a way to address the potential downsides and security concerns of ordinary biometrics. In order to prevent the preclusion of a biometric image, cancellable biometrics was created. The goal of cancellable biometrics is to provide biometric authentication that is not only unique to an individual, but one that also has the ability to be changed. Cancellable biometrics does not provide extra security around biometrically authenticated systems, but does provide a way to avoid losing the ability to use biometrics as an authentication method.As its name suggests, cancellable biometrics allows a biometric template to be cancelled and replaced with a new image that is based on the same biometric data, resulting in one of many possible permutations (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). According to the Encyclopedia of Biometrics (2009), cancellable biometrics allows biometric images to be reset by encoding each biometric image with a disparate distortion scheme for each application that uses the image (Lee Jain, 2009). In order to assure the security of each permutated biometric image, a unique distortion scheme moldinessin ess be used for each unique application (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). The use of a distortion scheme creates an image for storage in a database that is not an accept match to the original biometric measure, therefore changing the image is as easy as changing the distortion scheme. Next we will discuss the concepts behind cancellable biometrics that are used to increase the security of biometric authentication and to keep biometric data unique.The Concepts Behind Cancellable BiometricsThere are three criteria that a cancellable biometric template must meet in order to be useful and secure (1) each cancellable template must be used for only one application, (2) the revocation and separate procedures must be straightforward, and (3) the template computation must not be able to be reversed in order to protect the original biometric data. These three steps may also be referred to as diversity, reusability, and one-way transformation, respectively (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008).Using the same bio metric template for multiple applications exposes data to the same threats that using the same password for multiple applications would. If an unauthorized user gains access to one application, access can be achieved to all applications that use the same template. When using one template for multiple applications, no matter how strong the security is for the strongest application, the security of all the applications with the same authorization template is only as strong as the weakest link.Addressing the atomic number 16 criteria, that revocation and reissue procedures must be straightforward, is as it says, straightforward. Without a straightforward way to cancel and reissue a biometric template, biometric data is subject to interception and physical alteration (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008).The third criterion, that the computation of the template not be reversible, is also meant to protect the integrity and the identity of the original biometric data (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). If a co mputation can be reversed, and the original biometric data is revealed, the biometric measurement will be useless and unsecure. A popular method for creating non-invertible biometric data is to use a hasheeshing function. Due to the unique characteristics of individual biometric data, there are several guidelines that a hashing function must take into account when creating non-invertible data. For example, regarding fingerprint data, Tulyakov, Mansukhani, Govindaraju, and Farooq (2007) suggest that hashing functions should have similar hash values for similar fingerprints, different values for fingerprints that are different, that the rotation of a fingerprint should not affect the hash value, and that, if sufficient minutiae is available, partial fingerprints should be matched. Minutiae refer to uniquely identifiable points on a set of fingerprints (Tulyakov, Farooq, Mansukhani, Govindaraju, 2007).Within cancellable biometrics there are two distortion techniques that are widely r ecognized, signal human race distortion and feature ground distortion. What signal and feature domain distortion basically provide are ways to either distort a biometric image directly after acquisition or extract features from a biometric image, such as minutiae, and then distort the features, respectively (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). Signal domain distortion creates an self-directed image to be registered by a biometric reader, but still provides landmarks that can be compared to the original image, e.g. points on a persons face or eyes, for authentication. Feature domain distortion extracts template features and scrambles them, providing a sufficient technique for biometric measurements, such as fingerprints, which would be difficult to preserve accurate minutiae and a similar image (Lee Jain, 2009).How it full treatmentCancellable biometrics is achieved when a normal biometrics pattern is modified onward it is stored in an intentional and repeatable method. This change in the pattern can be initiated by several methods, however this topic is still in development and a single industry best practice has not yet been distilled. kinda of the actual values from the biometric sensor being stored, a value that is the combination of the modifier and the sensors reading is stored. In the case that the biometrics is impersonated or the database is compromised, the modifier can be changed and the user can be authenticated with the system. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001)Modifiers can be anything from a random number, a personal identification number, or even another biometric reading. The combination of these two items, similar to two-factor authentication, can create a unique key that uses both an individually unique value with the independent but derived from the biometric. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001)Once the biometric reader scans the individual, an algorithm is applied to the value. This transformation can happen in either the scanning device or post-p rocessed within the computer system before it is validated against the record within the database. These readers can be hardware devices that connect to a computer network or appliances which are self-contained. After successful verification of credentials the user is granted authentication. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001) Demo use ppt slides to explain the images and how they are distorted and stored for cancellable biometrics.Advantages of Cancellable BiometricsDifferent entities and different applications use different transforms for the same signals. This prevents the sharing between databases of different entities (Gaddam, Lal, 2010). For example, a law enforcement agency will use one transform for a fingerprint scan, and a commercial entity will use a different transform for the same fingerprint scan. This idea of diversity makes cross-matching impossible. As seen in the figure below, the merchant takes the biometric data from the customer and compares it to a transform from o ne of the transform databases associated with a particular service (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). This should ease privacy concerns as different transforms are held in different databases per entity.Source (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001)Also, the authentication emcee never stores original biometrics (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). The benefit is that the risk of identity theft is significantly reduced because the transforms are non-invertible. Even if a hacker accessed a template database, there would be no way for he/she to figure out the original biometric.The reusability feature, described in the section titled The Concepts Behind Cancellable Biometrics of this paper, protects the biometric authentication process from becoming obsolete. If cancellable biometrics did not offer re-usability and data continually was compromised, theoretically, people would start to run out of body parts to use.Limitations of Cancellable BiometricsCancellable biometrics is not the solution to all of the limitations of biometrics. Cancellable biometrics provides a solution for privacy concerns and resetting issues related to biometrics. However, it does not decrease the enormous cost associated with biometrics. Also, it does not prevent the use of a copied biometric signal (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). For example, if someone found a way to obtain a copy of a fingerprint and used that copy of the genuine biometric to access a system/account/place etc., matching could be possible and access could be granted. Cancellable biometrics prevents identity theft by the use of non-invertible transforms and it increases privacy by preventing data sharing among entities because original biometric data is never stored, it doesnt prevent people from using copies of genuine biometrics. As discussed in the section Limitations of Biometrics, biometric systems are subject to attack. Cancellable biometrics does not prevent an attack, however, if a biometric database or other parts of the system are compromised, a new transform can be used for the authentication process and the hacker will not be able to obtain the original biometric. Thus it mitigates the damage, but not the risk of attack. Another limitation of cancellable biometrics is the trade-off of higher protection for higher error rates. The invertible feature increases protection of original data, but causes a decrease in recognition accuracy (Cheung, Kong, Zhang, Kamel, You, Lam). This may lead to a higher false rejection rate. A higher false rejection rate is inefficient and costly.ConclusionThe global biometric market is expected to continue growing. However, limitations of generic biometric systems may inhibit the market growth from its full potential. General limitations of generic biometric systems include enormous costs, fake enrollment, physical copies bypassing sensors, attacks on the system parts and/or database, threat to privacy of individuals, and failure to reset biometrics. Cancellable biometrics provides a solution to some of generic biometric system limitations. With cancellable biometrics, a biometric template must have three criteria (1) each cancellable template must be used for only one application, (2) the revocation and reissue procedures must be straightforward, and (3) the template computation must not be able to be reversed in order to protect the original biometric data. These three criteria, also known as diversity, reusability, and one-way transformation (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008), disallow data-sharing among entities, protect the overall biometrics from becoming obsolete, and prevent a hacker from obtaining genuine biometrics. Our team believes that due to the demand for biometrics in general, cancellable biometrics has a potential market. IBM has been researching and developing cancellable biometrics. According to an article off IBMs website, luck enhance security and protect identities, several large banks have been talking with IBM about the use of cancellab le biometrics. Cancellable biometrics also is applicable to sectors of the government like the IRS, Social Security administration, and law enforcement organizations (Helping enhance security-). Thus, cancellable biometrics may grow from research and development into a marketable tool that may refresh the global biometrics market.Work Cited8.5 Biometrics. University of Leicester. Retrieved April 26, 2011 from.Citation (8.5 Biometrics)Biometric ATMs not being used in U.S. (2005, October 11). Retrieved April 25, 2011from http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9660429/ns/technology_and_science-security/Citation (Biometric ATMs not, 2005)Biometric Definition What Is Biometrics? Biometrics Technology Explained. (2005)Retrieved April 25, 2011 from .Citation (Biometric Definition-What, 2005)Biometrics History. (2006). Biometrics.gov. NSTC Subcommittee on Biometrics,April 18, 2011. .Citation (Biometrics History, 2006)Biometrics market expected to hit $12 billion in 2015. (2011, January 18).Retrieved April 25, 2011 from http//homelandsecuritynewswire.com/biometrics-market-expected-hit-12-billion-2015-0Citation (Biometrics market expected, 2011)Best Practices for Implementing Fingerprint Biometrics in Application. (2009).DigitalPersona. Retrieved April 25, 2011 from http//www.digitalpersona.com/uploadedFiles/Collateral/White_papers/DP-wp-appbestpractices2009-08-21.pdfCitation (Best Practices, 2009)Cheung, H.K, Kong, A., Zhang, D., Kamel, M., You, J., You, T., Lam. H-W., (n.d.). Ananalysis on accuracy of cancellable biometrics based on biohashing. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China. Retrieved April 22, 2011 from http//pami.uwaterloo.ca/cswkkong/publication/CheungKES2005Final.pdfCitation (Cheung, Kong, Zhang, Kamel, You, Lam)Gaddam, S.V.K, Lal, M. (2010). Efficient cancellable biometric key generationscheme for cryptography. International Journal of Network Security, 11(2), 61-69. Retrieved April 22, 2011 from http//ijns.femto .com.tw/contents/ijns-v11-n2/ijns-2010-v11-n2-p61-69.pdfCitation (Gaddam, Lal, 2010)Helping enhance security and protect identities. IBM. Retrieved April 26, 2011 fromhttp//domino.watson.ibm.com/odis/odis.nsf/pages/board.10.html(Helping enhance security-)Lee, S.Z., Jain, A.K. (2009). Encyclopedia biometrics. Retrieved April 22, 2011 fromhttp//books.google.com/books?id=0bQbOYVULQcCpg=PA175lpg=PA175dq=definition+of+cancellable+biometricssource=blots=hGzi-8vSaHsig=-nkyxjWspXze1UzIzF9BCfGPdlQhl=enei=sOWwTePoAcjXgQfM9oToCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4sqi=2ved=0CCoQ6AEwAwv=onepageqf=falseCitation (Lee Jain, 2009)Osborn, A. (2005, August 17) Biometrics History the History of Biometrics from pastto Present. Video Surveillance Systems, Security Cameras CCTV Equipment Guide. April, 25, 2011. .Citation (Osborn, 2005)Piuri, Vincenzo (2008) Fingerprint Biometrics via Low-cost Sensors and Webcams.IEEE. Retrieved April 25, 2011 from http//clem.dii.unisi.it/vipp/files/prin/2008_Conf_BTA S__ImageProcessingForFingerprintBiometricsViaLowcostCamerasAndWebcams.pdfCitation (Piuri, 2008)Prabhakar, S, Pankanti, S, Jain, A. K. (2003, March). Biometric recognition securityand privacy concerns. IEEE Security and Privacy. Retrieved April 25, 2011 from http//www.cse.msu.edu/biometrics/Publications/GeneralBiometrics/PrabhakarPankantiJain_BiometricSecurityPrivacy_SPM03.pdfCitation (Prabhakar, Pankanti, Jain, 2003)Ratha, N.K., Connell, J.H., Bolle, R.M. (2001). Enhancing security and privacy inbiometrics-based authentication systems. IBM Systems Journal , 40(3), 614-634 Retrieved April 22, 2011 from http//www.google.com/sclient=psyhl=ensite=source=hpq=Enhancing+security+and+privacy+in+biometrics-based+authentication+systemsaq=faqi=g1aql=foq=pbx=1bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.fp=f4864d47f9f205c8biw=1366bih=583Citation (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001)Teoh, A.B.J., Kuan, Y.W., Lee, S. (2008). Cancellable biometrics and annotations onbiohash. Journal of the Pattern Recognition Society, 41(6 ), 2034-2044 Retrieved April 22, 2011 from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V14-4RBYCY01_user=513551_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2008_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=gateway_origin=gateway_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1731821718_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000025338_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=513551md5=475892d68fa817e0474084b6dcd88f78searchtype=aCitation (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008)The Global Biometrics Market. (2007, December). Retrieved April 25, 2011 fromhttp//www.bccresearch.com/report/biometrics-global-market-ift042b.htmlCitation (The Global Biometrics Market, 2007)Tulyakov, S, Farooq, F, Mansukhani, P, Govindaraju, V. (2007). Symmetric hashfunctions for secure fingerprint biometric systems. Pattern Reconition Letters, 28(16), 2427-2436. Retrieved April 22, 2011 from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V15-4PFW6247_user=513551_coverDate=12%2F01%2F2007_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=gateway_origin=gateway_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1731826413_rerunOr igin=google_acct=C000025338_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=513551md5=827daed9e4525f816e7cf49eaa173152searchtype=aCitation (Tulyakov, Farooq, Mansukhani, Govindaraju, 2007)Yun, W. (2003) The 123 of Biometric Technology. web Accessed 18 April 2011from www.itsc.org/sg/synthesis/2002/biometric.pdf.Citation (Yun, 2003)

Act 2, Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Henry :: Papers

Act 2, Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Henry How does Shakespeare present Henry (and, by extension, England) in this scene? Refer in your answer to Shakespeares actors line, stagecraft and sense of audience, as well as the two-filmed versions you dedicate seen. Shakespeare presents Henry using a variety of language and stagecraft, in Act two, scene two, Shakespeare shows how Henry has a bad temper, and can go off into towering rages. First comes to the unmasking of the conspirators Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. Shakespeare uses a lot of incisive dramatic art and a sense of the effect of irony. He makes Henry only seem to be concerned for the good of his kingdom. One of the personalities that Henry has is his desire for games. He plays with Scroop and the other traitors, handing them letters that they think are promotions when in reality they are letters to inform them that Henry knows their secret. Shakespeares use of language was complex as he referre d to biblical references and historical references through out the play. When he gets to Scroop, Henry stops using the we pronoun. Shakespeare uses many linguistic devices, for example rhetorical questions. Wouldst thou have practiced on me for my use? This makes a difference in the tone of voice, and as well in its structure, otherwise, all Henry would be doing is making statements. He also uses a pun during the first part of the speech, when addressing Cambridge. This man, for a few light crowns hath lightly conspired. Shakespeare used a pun for a slight contrast in the atmosphere, otherwise everything in his speech would be is very serious. Henry also uses personification Treason and murder ever kept together, as two yoke-devils curse to each others purpose This technique is used as Henry can only imagine Scroop had been possessed, and not that he did this by his own choice. With this metaphor of a demon, he refers to him as betraying a good friend and because of this, sending him to death is what a king has to do.

Analysis of The Lost World by Michael Crichton Essay -- The Lost World

Analysis of The Lost World by Michael CrichtonMichael Crichtons novel, The Lost World began with the exposition of a vulcanized fiber who is infamous to Crichtons work, Ian Malcom. The entire introduction and prologue is about Malcom and his scientific views and theories. In a section of the book called Hypothesis, Malcom discusses a theory of lost worlds - areas in which extinct beings may live, with Richard Levine, a man whos ideas were totally different from Malcoms. Levine and Malcom discuss a possible journey to an island that is suspected to be one of the so-called lost worlds. At first, Malcom is reluctant and thinks that the idea is stupid. later much coaxing, Malcom agrees to go. Levine arrives on the island first, after a lot of useless chatter and talk and the introduction of devil young characters, Arby and Kelley, who are students of Levines and sometimes run errands for him. about immediately after they arrive, Levine and his assistant, Diego, begin to search f or clues to what the science community calls aberrant forms, which many people have spotted but have been unable to identify. They come to a stream bed, where they are attacked by a group of unidentifiable animals. They capture and kill Diego, and Levine is nearly killed. Malcom and his team of field researchers finally make it to the island - and Arby and Kelley stow onward in one of the many high-tech trailers that they had taken on their expedition. After the first day or so goes smoothly, chaos breaks out. When three men, Dodgson, King, and Basselton decide to go to the island, thinking that no one has been there. They plan on stealing the dinosaur eggs and breeding them. In doing so, they cause a ruckus on the island, and the dinosaurs begin to withdraw their patience. They go on a killing spree, which is graphically described by Critchton as well as nearly killing Arby. The climax of the story comes when Malcom and Sarah Harding (one of his associates) chance trappe d in a trailer that is about to tumble off the ledge of a cliff. Luckily for them, they are saved by another of their colleagues, named Richard Thorn, saves them by using Dodgsons jeep (which they had thought was broken down, AND after they thought all three of the egg thieves were dead) and ties a rope to the trailer and miraculously saves them. The story isnt everyplace yet, though. The group mi... ... putting together trailers for their expedition and they tell the boss that they are too weak and something could happen, but the boss ignores thim. Its so obvious, but it is foreshadowing. Also, another clean example of foreshadowing from the Jurassic Park series is the shaking and rumbling of the ground then a calm for a second or two before the t-rex attacks. Once again, obvious, but its still an example of foreshadowing. All in all, this book was good even though I do not relish reading. Despite many things that I thought could have been clarified and in a lot of ins tances, were so dumb that they insulted me, I was entertained by the book. It had a little bit of everythingMind games, action, gore and death, and what I thought was the best part of the entire bookGreat characters. Between the most important characters, such(prenominal) as Malcom, to the lower-status ones such as Sarah Harding, or even Kelley and Arbys parents, who never actually appearAll of them were greatly put together. I might not be able to recommend this book to you if you are reading for pleasure, but if there was one book that you absolutely had to read, Michael Crichtons The Lost World has to be it.