Hamlet and Revenge :: William Shakespeare Hamlet Revenge Essays

village And Revenge Revenge has caused the downfall of many a person. Its consuming nature causes one to act recklessly through anger rather than reason. Revenge is an perception easily rationalized one turn deserves another. However, this is a very dangerous theory to live by. Throughout Hamlet, retaliate is a dominant theme. Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet all seek to avenge the deaths of their fathers. But in so doing, all three rely more on emotion than thought, and take a very big gamble, a gamble which eventually leads to the downfall and death of all but one of them. King Fortinbras was slain by King Hamlet in a sword battle. This entitled King Hamlet to the land that was possessed by Fortinbras because it was written in a seald compact. our valorous Hamlet-for so this side of our known world esteemd him-did slay this Fortinbras. Young Fortinbras was enraged by his fathers murder and sought revenge against Denmark. He wanted to reclaim the land that had been lost to Denmark when his father was killed. Now sir, young Fortinbrasas it doth well appear unto our state-but to recover of us, by strong hand and terms compulsative, those foresaid lands so by his father lost Claudius becomes aware of Fortinbras plans, and in an evasive move, sends a message to the new King of Norway, Fortinbras uncle. The king forbade Fortinbras to wage an attack against Denmark, and instead suggested he attack the Poles to vent his anger. Fortinbras agreed to the plan, but had no intentions of following it. Polonius was King Hamlets advisor and the father of Ophelia and Laertes, both of whom respected and loved him, condescension his arrogant demeanour. Young Hamlet murdered Polonius accidentally, thinking him to be the king eves dropping on a conversation between Hamlet and his mother. How now A rat? Dead, for a ducat, dead Laertes returned home immediately after hearing of his fathers death and confronted the King, accusing him of the murder of his father. Once Claudius told Laertes that Hamlet was responsible for his fathers death, he and Claudius mix a scheme to kill Hamlet using a poison tipped sword. Hamlet, thou art slainThe treacherous instrument is in thy, unbated and envenomd Hamlet does indeed die as a result of wounds inflicted by Laertes, but it is the poisoned tipped sword that causes the demise of Laertes as well.

King Lear :: essays research papers

King Lear is widely regarded as Shakespe atomic number 18s crowning artistic achievement. The scenes in which a mad Lear rages naked on a stormy heath against his deceitful daughters and nature itself are considered by many scholars to be the finest example of tragic lyricism in the English language. Shakespeare took his main plot line of an aged monarch abused by his children from a folk tale that appeared first in write form in the 12th century and was based on spoken stories that originated much further into the Middle Ages. In several written versions of "Lear," the king does not go mad, his "good" daughter does not die, and the tale has a happy ending.This is not the case with Shakespeares Lear, a tragedy of such consuming force that audiences and readers are left to wonder whether there is any meaning to the physical and moral carnage with which King Lear concludes. Like the noble Kent, seeing a mad, pathetic Lear with the slay Cordelia in his arms, the prof ound brutality of the tale compels us to wonder, "Is this the promised end?" (V.iii.264). That very question stands at the divide between traditional critics of King Lear who find a heroic pattern in the story and modern readers who see no redeeming or purgative dimension to the play at all, the message macrocosm the bare futility of the human condition with Lear as Everyman. As in Macbeth terror reaches its utmost height, in King Lear the sense of compassion is exhausted. The principal characters here are not those who act, solely those who suffer. We have not in this, as in most tragedies, the picture of a calamity in which the sudden blows of fate wait still to honor the head which they strike, and where the loss is always accompanied by some flattering consolation in the memory of the former possession but a fall from the highest elevation into the deepest abyss of misery, where humanity is stripped of all external and internal advantages, and disposed(p) up a prey to naked helplessness.The dual dignity of a king, an old man, and a father, is dishonored by the cruel ingratitude of his unnatural daughters the old king, who out of a foolish tenderness has given away everything, is driven out into the world a homeless beggar the childish imbecility to which he was fast advancing changes into the wildest insanity, and when he is rescued from the mendicancy to which he was abandoned, it is too late.

Imagery In Othello :: essays research papers

The function of imagery in the mid-sixteenth century coquette Othello by William Shakespeare is to aid characterisation and define meaning in the play. The antagonist Iago is defined by many different images, Some being the use of poison and soporifics, sleeping agents, to presentation his true evil and sadistic nature. Othellos character is also shaped by much imagery such as the animalistic, black and white, and horse images which indicates his lustful, sexual nature. Characterisation of women is heavily dictated by imagery used to show the patriarchal gender system of the time. Some of this imagery is that of hobbyhorses and the like showing that they, Desdemona and Emelia, were nothing better than common whores. Othellos view at the start of the play is contradicting of these patriarchal views with Desdemona and Othellos true love overcoming these stereotypes and we are told this with imagery of fair warriors and the like. The power of deceit is shown also through imagery o f spiders and webs, uniforms and other such images. excessively the power of jealousy is well defined by imagery. The handkerchief, green-eyed monster and cuckolding imagery are prominent in defining this theme. The satanic character of Iago is interpret well though different types or imagery. His sadist intend is depicted through suffocating imagery Ill pour pestilence into his(Othellos) ear (II iii 356) says Iago in a soliloquy in as he is outlining his malicious intent and nature. This continues throughout the play with lines such as The Moor already changes with my poison (III iii 322) and Not poppy nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world shall medicine thee to that sweet sleep Which thou did owdest yesterday (III iii 327-30). His malicious character is likened to a snake through this imagery of poisons like a snake has and then Lodovico calls him a Viper (V ii 281) which indicates how Iagos character is that of a snake, and in those times a snake was conside red a creature of pure evil. The Machiavellian persona of Iago can also be seen through his use of reputation imagery to Cassio and Othello. To Cassio he says Reputation is an idle and approximately false imposition (II iii 267-8) and as a paradox, to Othello, he says reputation is everything to a man and he is nothing with out it. Iago is also likened very much, though imagery, to the Devil.

Essay --

The first major battle of the civil war was fought near Bull Run River in Virginia, and was later named the First Battle of Bull Run. The fight was started when General Irvin McDowell planned on marching his Union soldiers into the southern capital, putting an immediate end on the rebellion. Confederate soldiers led by General P. G. T. Beauregard met his forces near the Bull Run River. The Confederate forces won the battle with the Union having 2,896 casualties and losses while the coalition however had 1,982. This battle marked the beginning of the war and put the Confederacy to a good start at winning succeeding battles. later on years of the Confederacy winning the majority of the battles came a turning point. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought from July 1 to July 3 in 1863. The battle was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in an attempt to slop lee sides advances into Northern territory. This is one of the first major battles that the Union won. Both sides lost around the sa me amount of soldiers injured or killed. The Union had a total of 23,055 lost while the Confederacy had 23,231. This win has since been marked the turning point of the war and was a huge moral booster for the Union army. After around a year of battling the Union had an idea to split the South in two and finally end this brutal war. This action was named Shermans promenade after the leader of the campaign, General William T. Sherman. The campaign lasted little over a month starting on November 15, 1864, and ending December 21. Sherman started his march in Atlanta, tabun and ended on the on the coast in Fort McAllister. The idea behind this tactic was to split the South in half and burning everything in his path, therefore destroying all moral left in the Confedera... ... muskets came the first reliable and maneuverable long-range weapon of the time. The grooves or rifling in the barrel caused the dynamical to offer, allowing the bullet to have increased accuracy instead of just hoping you could hit your target. The earlier muskets were similar to a knuckleball in baseball the lack of spin in a certain direction causes the ball to move around in the air unexpectedly. Because these new rifled muskets could be accurate at a far greater range, the army started to create snipers. These snipers would look for the highest-ranking official they could find on the battlefield and keep working their way down, killing the most all important(predicate) people in hopes of destroying their leadership and creating panic among the other soldiers. Seeing this Gatling gun during the Civil War would have instantly struck fear into any enemy on the battlefield.

Brief History Of Library Automation: 1930-1996 :: essays research papers fc

Brief History of Library Automation 1930-1996     An automated library is one where a data processor musical arrangement is used to manageone or several of the librarys key functions such as acquisitions, serialscontrol, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalog. When exploringthe history of library automation, it is possible to return to early(prenominal) centurieswhen visionaries well before the computer age created devices to assist withtheir ledger lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of theFrench " moderate Wheel" allowed scholars to rotate between books by stepping on apedal that turned a book table. Another interesting example was the "Book index finger", developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniature books torepresent books in the librarys collection. The miniature books were part of adesign that made it possible to determine if a book was in, out or overdue.These and many more examples of ea rly ingenuity in library systems exist,however, this paper will focus on the more recent computer automation beginningin the early twentieth century.The Beginnings of Library Automation 1930-1960     It could be said that library automation development began in the 1930swhen punch circuit card equipment was implemented for use in library circulation andacquisitions. During the 30s and early 40s progress on computer systems wasslow which is not surprising, given the Depression and World War II. In 1945,Vannevar Bush envisioned an automated system that would store information,including books, personal records and articles. Bush(1945) wrote about ahypothetical "memex" system which he described as a machinelike library thatwould allow a user to view stored information from several different accesspoints and look at several items simultaneously. His ideas are well cognize as thebasis for hypertext and mputers for their operations. The first appeared at MIT, in 1957, with the development of COMIT, managing linguistic computations,natural language and the ability to search for a particular string ofinformation. Librarians thence moved beyond a vision or idea for the use ofcomputers, given the technology, they were able make great advances in the useof computers for library systems. This overtake to an explosion of libraryautomation in the 60s and 70s.Library Automation Officially is Underway 1960-1980     The advancement of technology lead to increases in the use of computersin libraries. In 1961, a significant invention by both Robert Noyce of Intel andJack Kirby of Texas Instruments, working independently, was the integratedcircuit. All the components of an electronic circuit were placed onto a single" handicap" of silicon. This invention of the integrated circuit and newly developeddisk and tape storage devices gave computers the speed, storage and ability

Brief History Of Library Automation: 1930-1996 :: essays research papers fc

Brief History of Library Automation 1930-1996     An automated subroutine library is one where a computer system is employ to manageone or several of the librarys key functions such as acquisitions, serialscontrol, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalog. When exploringthe history of library automation, it is possible to return to past centurieswhen visionaries thoroughly before the computer age created devices to assist withtheir book lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the purpose of theFrench "Book roll verboten" allowed scholars to rotate between books by stepping on apedal that turned a book table. Another interesting example was the "BookIndicator", true by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniature books torepresent books in the librarys collection. The miniature books were part of adesign that made it possible to determine if a book was in, out or overdue.These and many more examples of early ingenuity in li brary systems exist,however, this paper will focus on the more recent computer automation beginningin the early twentieth century.The Beginnings of Library Automation 1930-1960     It could be said that library automation development began in the 1930swhen punch card equipment was enforced for use in library circulation andacquisitions. During the 30s and early 40s progress on computer systems wasslow which is not surprising, given the Depression and World War II. In 1945,Vannevar render envisioned an automated system that would store information,including books, personal records and articles. Bush(1945) wrote about ahypothetical "memex" system which he described as a mechanical library thatwould allow a user to view stored information from several different accesspoints and look at several items simultaneously. His ideas are well known as thebasis for hypertext and mputers for their operations. The first appeared at MIT,in 1957, with the development of COMIT, managing linguistic computations,natural language and the ability to search for a particular string ofinformation. Librarians then locomote beyond a vision or idea for the use ofcomputers, given the technology, they were able make great advances in the useof computers for library systems. This lead to an plosion of libraryautomation in the 60s and 70s.Library Automation Officially is Underway 1960-1980     The advancement of technology lead to increases in the use of computersin libraries. In 1961, a significant invention by both Robert Noyce of Intel andJack Kirby of Texas Instruments, working independently, was the integratedcircuit. All the components of an electronic circuit were placed onto a single"chip" of silicon. This invention of the integrated circuit and newly developeddisk and tape storage devices gave computers the speed, storage and ability

Ielts Writing

In all over the world, especially those developed, boor obesity becomes a serious issue and nearly of the pargonnts meet find it insurmountable. In fact, causes of child obesity are traceable. First, is the habit of eating toss out food. We can easily reach a McDonalds or KFC on the highway in the developed world like U. S. and be exposed to Coca Cola and Pepsis advertisements. Children always want something taste good regardless(prenominal) of their nutrition nor fats.Parents unremarkably ask their children to father fewer cans of coke while keep buying a dozen of cans home. Unless the parents play a more active role to abet change their childrens eating habit. Otherwise, obesity seems to be an unending problem. Secondly, a lack of physical exercise does matter. Children in developed world are generally wealthier. approximately of the time they may be busy in playing play station and sitting down all day. The plainly exercise that they do are walk to the fringe to get a ca n of coke or to the toilet.They rarely go out for a walk. Although there is PE lesson in school, children have it only once a week, which is far to effective. The raise of internet also leads to the above problem, as quite a lot of children have been addicted to some affable network or Apps on mobile. The effects come along the obesity hurt not only the physical health but also the mental health of the obese child. Obesity can lead to heart related diseases. Once the children get overweight, they can hardly do any exercise because their spacious body.When they grow older, they may start suffering from low self-esteem since they care more about their own appearance and their weight may become a joke. This worsen the obesity problem as some of them may not want to get out of the house any more. It is understandable that children are of less self-control. So to cure obesity, parents, teachers and government ought to share the responsibilities. Parents should take the initiative to s top their child from having too much junk food. Teachers can tell the students what are junk food s cons while the schools should provide healthier lunch.Read also Principles of Good Writing by L.A. HillThe government can put a limit on the amount of soft drinks and junk food advertisement as well as promote the pros of having regular exercises, building more facilities for public to enjoy doing exercises. To conclude, child obesity in developed world is not uncommon, the main reason is people become lazier when the society and technology become advanced. Both of parents, teachers and government have to by all means help the children to build up a good eating habit since they are the future of the society and health is the most valuable thing to them.

“Violence is never far from the surface.” Discuss with reference to three of Heaney’s poems

To discuss the topic of force play in Heaneys poems, it is easiest to look at three of his poems that hasten an aggressive nature. Therefore, I am going to look at the poems Punishment, A Constable Calls and hazard of marrow, all of which incorporate the theme of delirium. It is useful to understand the rudimentary themes of the poems mentioned to understand them as violence is not always explicitly mentioned. A Constable Calls is about a police officer visiting a Union Irish farm, checking up on the farms produce. A rather innocent task, however, in the mind of the progeny boy, this visit appears threatening and intruding.Punishment is about the remains of a body (a young female in her day) found in a grind to a halt. She appears to be the victim of a ritual killing, punished for the fact that she was an adulteress. Act of Union, on the alternative hand, is a complex metaphor distinguishing England as a man, Ireland as woman and Northern Ireland as the offspring. England ha s effectively raped Ireland in the way it treats it creating the multi-cultured fiat that we call Northern Ireland.All three poems have very dissimilar themes, portraying and exploring violence in very different ways. The poems look at amiable and physical violence such as in A Constable Calls where the child is very fearful of the intimidating police officer mental violenceArithmetic and fearThe child does not show his fear of the police officer but constantly looks at the way the constable acts and perceives these actions to be sinister and intrudingOn the floor, next his chairHere, noting how the constable acts as if the chair is his, although it is not, looking at him as if being very possessive.Punishment, in contrast, explores the visual images and later on effects of violence the physical side. Violence in this case being the punishment of an adulteressI can see her drownedbody in the bogHere we get a very visual image of the body retrieved from the bog explaining that she was sunk into the bog in a cage and, therefore, drowned.Act of Union also looks at violence in a similar way to both A Constable Calls and Punishment. It looks at the physical and mental side to violenceAnd I am still imperiallyMale, leaving you with the painDiscussing how England has effectively raped Ireland in the way it treats it, not having enough knowledge of Ireland to treat it with respect, therefrom only creating destruction.Both A Constable Calls and Act of Union probe the idea of the threat of violence. For example, in Act of Union, England isThe tall kingdom over your shoulderYour referring to Ireland, the idea suggests how, England being larger and subsequently more powerful, has a large influence over Irelands actions and will resort to violence if it strays off line in political and social aspects.Similarly, in A Constable Calls, the constable represents the domineering force in Northern IrelandThe boot of the lawHere, a common phrase, The persistent arm of the law has been changed to suit the actions of English authorities in Ireland, once again displaying how England is not apprehensive about using force against Ireland.In negate with the threat of violence, Punishment actually demonstrates violence as well as investigating why it was usedHer noose a ringto storethe memories of relishHere explaining that the young woman had interpreted her marriage for granted and betrayed it, hence being punished.It is in the language of the poems that the theme of violence is cleverly demonstrated. In A Constable Calls many of the words have underlying connotations which contribute to the theme of violence in the poemIts fat, black handle gripsThis quote, being very tyrannical in nature, relates to the English administration in Northern Ireland and the force it uses to keep events in order.The domesday bookRefers to the way in which England has invaded Northern Ireland as William the Conqueror invaded England backbone in 1066. The most important us e of language in A Constable Calls, however, is the last lineAnd the bicycle ticked, ticked, tickedImplying that the constables bike sounds similar to a bomb, and the child, with his promising imagination, picks up on this immediately.In the language of Punishment we can detect how Heaney describes the scene after an act of violence, or in this case a punishment, has taken placeI can feel the tugof the halter at the napeof her neckHere, describing the visible ring on her neck left from round form of rope in which the young women was possibly hung from before her execution in the bog. This portrays to us a very violent image in which the young woman was possibly tortured in several different ways before her eventual release into death. Heaney, in Punishment, also proceeds to inform us that, despite how civilize we may think we are in the modern age, the actions of England towards Ireland show how little we have developed throughout the centuriesWho would connivein civilised outrag eAct of Union clearly demonstrates this pointMustering ForceSuggesting how Ireland is putting together a force, possibly drawing parallels to the IRA (violent terrorist organisation fighting for the immunity of Northern Ireland), looking to oust the English from Northern Ireland. However, this force is partially looking to avenge Ireland after its supposed rape, much like the corporation in Punishment looking to find revenge for what the young woman may have brought to various families.Similarly to A Constable CallsThe polished holster The revolver buttWhere the young boy is stupefied by the gun in the police officers possession with the control he has over other people with it, Act of Union has references to violent weapons, in this case, again, guns and other firearmsHis heart beneath your heart is a wardrumThe wardrum beating a rhythm calling the Irish and (anti-British) Northern Irish up to bare arms.The poems of Seamus Heaney reflect a lot about the subject of violence betw een Ireland and England, resulting in the problems of Northern Ireland, depicted as the baby of the deviation in Act of Union. Heaney, having lived in Northern Ireland during his childhood, came to many of the conclusions on the matter in his poems during this time. His poems bitterly reflect on the conflict and seem to incriminate England astray for the current problem. Violence plays such a large role in these poems because all that the occupation of Northern Ireland by England has caused is aggression from both separate parties.

Punishment for Crime should be Individualized Essay

Crime and the punishments for umbrages go been the subject of debates for centuries. When asked, most mickle would say that mass who commit crimes should be punished for it in some way. When deciding however what agreeable of punishment should be given to the offender, is when the debate begins. The reason for the debate comes most because on that point argon significant differences in how people view punishment and what punishments should be used for different crimes.Most people struggle with the question of what kind of punishment is fair for the offender. In the past, people have at times been treated differently for very similar crimes, this created upset among the people who cried out for mate treatment for everyone. What those people fail to realize is that equal is not always fair. Although some degree of structure in sentencing is needed, there should be some gross profit margin provided in order to man-to-manize the sentence to make the punishment fit the specific crime.In order to determine what is considered fair and equal punishment, the graduation step is to identify what punishment is. One definition of punishment is the deliberate infliction of physical harm on an offender or his property without his fancy because he is an offender, nevertheless for reasons other than self-defense (Halliday, Appendix B.). In the legal system, punishment is inflicted upon an offender as a direct result of negative behaviors for the designing of deterring future behaviors these are called sentences. Different members of society however have different ideas of what kind of punishment is fair.What some people feel is fair and just as a particular punishment for crime, others feel is cruel and inhumane. During some eras in history, sentences for crimes were not fairly and equally handed out to all citizens. People with high community status were sometimes given lighter or no sentences for crimes that other people were harshly punished for. Due to the di fferences in sentencing and an increasing crime rate, changes in the law and punishments were needed (Lehrer).In an attempt to make sentencing fair for everyone, President Ronald Reagan passed a Comprehensive Crime Control Bill on October 12, 1984 (Kaufman, 1).Through this, the Sentencing emend Act of 1984 created The United States Sentencing Commission which developed a set of sentencing guidelines for specific crimes. These guidelines created mandatory sentencing for anyone who committed certain crimes, which took away all ability for the judge or jury to individualize sentences for individuals or for individual crimes (Kaufman, 1). Although these guidelines were developed with good intentions to provide the average and underprivileged with the same rights as the wealthy, there are other factors in crimes that were not containn into consideration.It is a well k presentlyn fact that not all crimes are created equal. Murder is obviously a more than serious nuisance than theft an d should not have the same consequences and few people would argue that the consequences should be the same. The problem of fairness becomes more of an issue when the end result of the crimes are similar. The source or cause of the crime however might have been completely different. While it is easy to say that a punishment should be slight(prenominal) severe for stealing jewels than for someone who takes a human life. The consequences however are the same for a person who shoplifts a CD to avoid paying for it and a person who steals a can of soup to feed a starving family. Because the end result is the same the law requires that the offenders be punished equally, but the motive in the case is quite different. The same is true when comparing a person who commits murder over a bad drug deal compared to a woman who kills her husband afterwards years of suffering abuse.Because the sentencing guidelines are based on the end result of the crime, indigence is not considered. hazards a re essential to pass sentence based on the mandatory sentence. Even over half of the national Judges would chose to eliminate the mandatory sentencing guidelines and 82.8 percent believe that settle would be better and more efficient at choosing the sentence for crimes (Pratt, 1). If the guidelines were eliminated or at least changed, the judges, juries or parole boards would have more freedom to take into consideration special circumstances behind the criminal behavior. This would reintroduce the possibility for some mistakes or personal preferences, but it also allows for some leniency for crimes with less criminal motivation.The problem with mandatory guidelines has gone so far as to invade the public school system. In schools, it is called the zero-tolerance policy. This policy was introduced into most public schools after the shooting at the Columbine, Colorado high school and the increased number of school shootings that followed. This policy states that any child, who brin gs a weapon to school, threatens to or harms other students, or indicates hostile ideation will be punished. The punishment ranges from suspension to actual criminal charges.The premise behind the policy is to take all threats seriously. The problem with it is that children are no longer allowed to be children. When children get angry they often threaten them, but due to the policy children are getting suspended from school and arrested for drawing pictures of guns and for use dinnerware to peel oranges for lunch (Dart, 1). These rules, like the mandatory sentence guidelines for adults takes all of the common sense and reason out of assigning consequences for various behaviors.In January of 2005 a self-governing Court decision provided some hope for the future of fair sentencing. The court ruling declared mandatory guidelines unconstitutional (Edelstein, 1). This provides the judges a little more freedom to use desertion. The mandatory sentences are still the default sentence, but based on the circumstances surrounding the case, the judge has the right to rule outback(a) of the guidelines if appropriate (Edelstein,1). In these cases the judge can provide lighter sentences to people whose special situations led them to commit a crime they otherwise would not have considered.Mandatory sentences often also include parole guidelines which mandate at what point in the sentence a criminal might be entitled for parole or if parole is even an opportunity. In cases where an inmate can not ever be eligible for parole, there is very little motivation for the person to use positive behavior while incarcerated. The person in these cases have no hope of getting a reduced sentence because of merits cultured while in prison. By providing the judges to choose the sentence, parole can be made more of an option to motivate criminals to choose rehabilitation sort of of continuing to have problems during the time in prison. This would help lead to more people successfully be ing rehabilitated. By providing more inmates the opportunity for reduced sentences and rehabilitation, there would be significantly less of a problem with prison overcrowding.Although the guidelines for sentencing were created to make the legal system and criminal punishments fairer for everyone, they have gone to the extreme and are now causing harm to some people. A legal system that provided special treatment for the rich and famous was wrong, but a legal system that requires awfully abused women to undergo the same sentence as a child killer is just as wrong. in that respect should be some basic guidelines, but at the same time there should be provisions in which the motive of the crime and the background behind the crime should be taken into consideration. There is no such thing as a cookie cutter crime and there should not be uniform punishments to for the crimes.Every person is individual and when an individual commits a crime, a little time needs to be taken to determine t he best and most effective punishment for that crime. Some people would benefit more from community service or therapy than being put in jail. Prison in many cases proves only to harden people and makes a person less likely to be able to adequately adapt to society upon returning to it. Parents who have more than one child do not discipline all of the children in the same way for similar behaviors, because different consequences are more effective for different people. Based on this fact, the sentencing guidelines need to be re-examined and adapted to be sure that the best possible consequence is given for each individual and each offense.Works CitedEdelstein, Jonathan. Sentence Structure 31 magisterial 200526 February, 2008. Dart, Andrew. Zero Tolerance vs. Common Sense 19 December 2008.25, February 2008 Lehrer, Eli. Soft Cell. 9 June, 2003. 25, February 2008 AEI Short PublicationsPratt, Robert. Senseless Sentencing a Federal Judge Speaks Out. 10 January 1999. Des Moines Register . 25, February 2008Halliday,Roy. What Good is Punishment? 1 January 2003. Appendix B. What good is punishmentKaufman, Shari. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines A Formulaic and Impersonal Approach to Dispensing Justice. (1999) the Federal Sentencing Guidelines A Formulaic and Impersonal Approach to Dispensing Justice

Causality and Effect

CAUSE AND center ESSAY Another common method of organizing an essay is by wooing and effect. In a consume and effect essay, you reason the reasons for any(prenominal)thing, and then you discuss the results. understanding and effect essays be concerned with why things happen ( causas) and what happens as a result (effects). It is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. The following(a) argon mannikins of typical cause and effect essay proceedss * Causes and effects of computer revolution * Causes and effects of global warming * Causes for the popularity of fast food restaurants * Reasons for the ontogeny in inflation nubs of illiteracy * Technologys effect on man freedom and happiness In item, cause and effect (which can overly be c altoge in that locationd reasons and results) is hotshot of the most employ forms of organization in academic writing. STEPS IN WRITING CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS 1. Distinguish between cause and effect. To de limitine causes, as k Why did this happen? To identify effects, ask What happened because of this? The following is an example of one cause producing one effect Cause You are turn up of gas. notion Your car wont start. Sometimes, many causes contribute to a single effect or many effects may result from a single cause.The following are examples Causes Liked business in high school Salaries in the field are high Have an aunt who is an control Am good with numbers Effect Choose to major in accounting Cause Reduce work hours Effects Less income Employer is irritated to a sweller extent time to dissect More time for family and jocks However, most situations are to a greater extent than than complicated. The following is an example of a chain reaction Thinking most friendforgot to buy gascar wouldnt startmissed math examfailed math course. 2. Develop your thesis state ment. State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both.Introduce your principal(prenominal) idea, using the terms cause and/or effect. 3. Find and organize supporting enlarge. Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient details that are organized. You can organize details in the following ways * Chronological Details are arranged in the localise in which the events occurred. * put in of importance Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa. * Categorical Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories. 4. Use appropriate transitions. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases listed below.For Causes First, second, because, due to, one cause is, another(prenominal) is, since, for, etc. For Effects Consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore, etc. ORGANIZING the CAUSE and EFFECT ESSAY There are basically two ways to organize a cause and effect essay Block organization and Chain organization. The former one is widely used in academic writing, whereas the latter is used in writing about topics such as scientific experimentation. In block organization, you first discuss all of the causes as a block (in one, two or three paragraphs, depending on the number of the causes).Then you discuss all of the effects to comeher as a block. In chain organization, you discuss a first cause and its effect, a second cause and its effect, and a third cause and its effect in a chain. shut off TYPE CHAIN TYPE penetration Introduction 1st Cause 1st Cause & Effect 2nd Cause 2nd Cause & Effect Transition Paragraph 3rd Cause & Effect 1st Effect destruction 2nd Effect 3rd Effect Conclusion BLOCK agreement Below is an example of an essay jokesters gate to the EU written in block organization.This is the pattern This is how the sample outline looks Introduction * Introduction of general topic * Thesis instruction * limited areas to be covered in this essay Introduction * Background information about bombs attempts to be a member of EU. * There are two main reasons for Turkey to be such a good prognosis in order to be admitted to the EU its economic development and unique geopolitical bearing * This essay will cover first causes then effects Essay instalment I (Causes) * Cause 1 a) arm b) Subsection * Cause 2 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Causes of Turkeys being a good candidate for the EU. ) Progress in economy a) Increased welfare value b) The increase in the gross domestic product 2) Unique geopolitical position a) Strategic waterways b) Borders with un alike countries c) stand by over by oil and gas pipeline There is the transition paragraph to make a link between causes and effects blocks. Having looked at the causes (reasons) for being a qualified member for the EU, lets now look at the two main effects of winning admission to the EU increase in the literacy rate and decrease in the unemployment rate. * Essay Section II (Effects)Effect 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effects of Turkeys potential membership to the EU. . The increase in literary rate among the young state a) More schools b) More opportunities for education2. Drop in the employment rate in Turkey a) New joke opportunities Conclusion * Summary of the main points (and looks to future) Conclusion * The two main reasons for Turkey to win admission to the EU are its developing economy in amplification to its geopolitical position which is like no other country in the Middle East. * If Turkey continues with the same speed of progress and by applying the EU criteria, there is no wonder that this date will be quite soon. TURKEYS ADMISSION TO THE EU Turkey is a developing country with a extensive potential of human and non-human resources which are waiting to be exploited. With this potential, for some time Turkey has been trying to win admission as a EU member. Nowa days, this topic is top on the agenda. One must admit that Turkey has come a long way to reach its present condition and to call on a suitable candidate for EU membership. T here are two main reasons for Turkey to be such a good candidate in order to be admitted to the EU its economic development and unique geopolitical position.First of all, in order to be accepted to the EU, Turkey has shown much progress in economy. Turkish leaders welcome solved many economic problems. As a consequence, the welfare rate in the country has increased. Similarly, the increase in the GDP has contacted the economy. Therefore, the external debts have been paid. Secondly, Turkey is suitable for EU membership because of its unique geopolitical position. It not moreover sits astride strategic waterways by core of the Straits but also borders with the countries like Syria, Iraq, Iran and the former Soviet republics of Armenia and Georgia.As a result, this geopolitical position creates an enormous desire in the EU to accept Turkey as a strategic ally. Moreover, Turkey is a county crisscrossed by oil and gas pipelines. Thus, it attracts many businessmen for trade. Having lo oked at the causes (reasons) for being a suitable member for the EU, lets now look at the two main effects of winning admission to the EU increase in the literacy rate and decrease in the unemployment rate. One of the biggest effects of admission to the EU will be the increase in literacy rate among the young population.It is a well- surviven fact that some children in Turkey cannot have a good education and as a result do not know how to read and write. If Turkey is accepted, the literacy rate will start rising because the EU criteria in education will be applied in our country. As a result of these criteria, more schools will be built and more opportunities for education will be created. Therefore, the literacy rate will gradually increase over the historic period. Another effect of gaining admission to the EU will be seen in the drop in the unemployment rate in Turkey. The EU countries will provide new job opportunities for Turkish plenty.Since Turkish people will be allowed to freely move in European countries, they will be able to solve their problem of unemployment in these countries by providing them with their punk labor force. In conclusion, the two main reasons for Turkey to win admission to the EU are its developing economy in addition to its geopolitical position which is like no other country in the Middle East. If these factors enable Turkey to get what it wants for a long time, its effects will be seen in not only the increase in the literacy rate but also the drop in the unemployment rate.We exactly know the reasons and results of this process however, what we do not know is the date of admission. If Turkey continues with the same speed of progress and by applying the EU criteria, there is no wonder that this date will be quite soon. work I reservation AN OUTLINE WOMENS LIBERATION Since the middle of this century, women around the world have been seeking greater independence and recognition. No longer cloy with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers, women have joined together to create the so-called womens liberation movement. While the forces behind this international movement vary from kitchen-gardening to culture and from individual to individual, the basic causes sin the unify States can be traced to three events the development of effective birth-control methods, the invention of labor-saving for the home and the advent of World contend II. The first cause of the liberation of women was the development of effective birth-control methods, freeing women from endless cycle of childbearing and rearing. As a result of having a choice as to when and if to bear children, women acquired the freedom and the time to pursue interests outside of the home.Because of the development of birth control, women could delay having children or avoid having them altogether, consequently, women had the opportunity to acquire an education and pursue a caveater. Another event was the development of mechanized labor-savi ng devices for the home, resulting in more leisure time and freedom for women. For example, fifty years ago, a house wife spent an medium of twelve to fourteen hours per day doing housework. Dye to the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines and dishwashers, a housewife can now take care of her daily housework in about five hours.The final event that, at least in the United States, gave impetus to the liberation of women was World struggle II. During the war, most men were serving in the military. Consequently, women had to fill the vacancies in the labor force. Women by the thousands went to work in factories and then took over businesses for their absent keep ups. This was a great change for the majority of American women, fort hey discovered that they could weld airplanes and manage businesses as well as change diapers and bake cookies.These three events planted the seeds of great change in society, and the effects of this change are being felt at all l evels in the family, in business, and in government. One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. The traditional husband-wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation. Because so many women are working, men are learning to voice the household. One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. The traditional husband-wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation.Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household tasks of cooking, cleaning and even caring for children. In some families, there has been a complete reversal of the traditional roles the husband stays at home, while the wife earns the familys income. It should be pointed out, however, that this is the exception, not the rule. In most families in the United States, the husband still earns most of the Money, and the wife does most of the housework. The effects of womens liberation are being f elt not only in the home but also on the job.More and more women are working, and they are demanding equal salaries and equally responsible positions. It is not uncommon for a woman to be the president of a Corporation these days. Many businesses uphold women to advance to high management positions, and every year, the nations schools produce more women doctors, lawyers and accountants. Politics and governments are still other areas that are feeling the effects of the womens movement. Although the United States doesnt appear ready to accept a woman president, as some countries of the world have, women are being elected to public office in increasing numbers.The United States currently has several women governors, which is the highest Office in a state. A few years ago, this would have been unthinkable. In conclusion, women in the United States are acquiring greater independence, which is causing sweeping changes in society at home, at work, and in politics. While men may not be b lissful with these changes, they should always remember that it was they, the men, who created the conditions leading to the liberation of women men made war, male scientists developed birth control, and businessman earned a lot of Money exchange vacuum cleaners and dishwashers.WOMENS LIBERATION OUTLINE This is the pattern This is how the sample outline looks * Introduction * Introduction of general topic * Thesis statement * Specific areas to be covered in this essay * Introduction Essay section I (Causes) * Cause I a) Subsection b) Subsection * Cause II a) Subsection b) Subsection * Causes of womens liberation * _______________________ _______________________ * _______________________ _______________________ * _______________________ _______________________There is the transition paragraph to make a link between causes and effects blocks. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Essay section II (Effects) * Effect 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effect 2 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effect 3 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effects of womens liberation * ________________________________________________________________________________________ * ________________________________________________________________________________________ * ________________________________________________________________________________________ * Conclusion * Summary of main points (and look to future) * Conclusion * _____________________________________________________________________________________ Make an outline for the causes and effects of puerile smoking. I. Introduction Thesis.. II. Cause 1 III. Cause 2 IV. Cause 3 V. Transition Paragraph VI. Effect 1 VII. Effect 2 VIII. Effect 3 IX. Conclusion Paragraph Now, write an essay that discusses causes and effects of teenage smoking. EFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TVDiscoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to get back bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind-there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings. One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain.It is true that there are specifications for watching TV TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term TV snacks to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it. It is addictive. Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence.After seeing so many cherry scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the pitiable of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work, people seek to relax in front of the TV, and generally people privilege watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces. Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them.TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only-being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching TV too much. A Different slip of Block Organization CAUSES THE CAUSES OF POVERTY IN MEXICO Are you aware that 20 million people in Mexico live on less than two dollars a day? Sixty million people, half the Mexican population, live in poverty, and twenty million of them live in extreme poverty. Most of the time, garbage is their food, and some days, they dont even eat anything. This critical situation in Mexico is caused by individual, geographic and political factors.The purpose of this essay is to analyze these three main causes of poverty in Mexico. The first and immediate cause of poverty in Mexico is the individual condition. This cause refers to circumstances and characteristics of poor people. For example, the amount of education, skill, intelligence, health, and prejudice all have an influence on poverty. The lack of education is one of the most significant factors that contribute to poverty. There is no access to jobs for non-educated people. The second cause of poverty has to do with geography. For example, statistics show that people who live in rustic areas far away from the cities are poorer. This is caused by the lack of communication and transportation in remote rural areas.Because of this, governments cant provide essential services such as water, affordable food, primary health care, and education. People who live there are in all isolated from the rest of the society. The third and most significant cause of poverty in Mexico is the political economy of the country. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank-prescribed geomorphologic adjustment policies have been applied in Mexico because the government doe snt carry out enough policies to encourage successful development. They cannot, for these international institutions lend money to Mexico on the condition that the nation open up its economy and cut social expenditures to repay the loans.The IMF and World Bank programs are supposed to reduce poverty, but really they are increasing it. Unless the Mexican government works on the causes of the poverty which are the individual condition, the geographic factor, and the political economy of the country, the problem is going to get worse. Nobody likes to see poor children eating out of garbage cans. Mexico needs a new political economy designed by Mexican economists and politicians, people who are committed to Mexico and to the future of its society. CHAIN ORGANIZATION Another type of cause-and-effect analysis is the day-by-day chain. Unlike the multiple cause-effect analyses, the causes and effects in a casual chain are always directly related in fact, they are linked.In the casual chai n, one effect can become a cause of another effect, which in turn becomes a cause of another effect, and so on. For example, let us say that a man had problems at work as a result, he started to drink heavily. His heavy drinking eventually caused him to behave in an abusive way to his wife his wife then alienated herself from him. His wifes alienation caused him to feel even more alone and more of a failure his depression caused him to decide for a divorce. The domino-like chain might be diagrammed as follows problems at work cause drinking heavily effect cause abusive behavior toward wife ffect cause alienation of wife effect cause depression increase effect cause divorce effect The other major use of the casual chain is in science to analyze various kinds of cycles, biological or chemical chains, for example. Study the following essay, which analyzes a casual chain. See if the cause-effect relationships are clarified and explained. Below is an example of an essay written in chai n organization. UPSETTING THE BALANCE OF NATURE The members of a living community exist together in a particular, balanced relationship, or ecosystem. One tool species eats another animal species which in turn eats another.Over years, a balance is worked out among the plants and animals in a community and it remains basically stable. It is like a huge tease with all of the pieces in their proper places. However, at times this balance in nature is disturbed, resulting in a number of maybe unforeseen effects. Perhaps a disease results in the near extinction of one species, leaving another species with no inhering predator. The result can be a terrific increase in that one species population. This could further result in the devastation of a shared food supply, which could in turn affect another species. It is possible for the disruption in the balance of nature to have natural causes disease, drought, fire.Sometimes, however, human beings intervene in a natural environment, perhap s only s electric dischargely and with good intentions. The result is the same. The balance of nature becomes unbalanced and results in an entire chain reaction of unforeseen and unwanted effects. A good example of this occurred in the Antilles in the 1870s. Sugar cane was a major crop there, but rats were eating and nesting in the cane, causing a great deal of damage. The mongoose, a one-and-a-half-foot-long mammal of the East Indies, was known to be an excellent rat hunter. Several males and females were imported in 1872, and laws were established that forbade the killing of them or their offspring. The mongoose flourished in the Antilles.After ten years it had multiplied abundantly and had significantly reduced the rat population. Consequently, damage to the cane fields was greatly reduced. It seemed that the scheme to add another piece to the ecological puzzle in the Antilles had been successful. However, that is not the end of the story. The influence of the mongoose did not st op there. As the rat population decreased and the mongoose population increased, the mongoose needed to enlarge its menu. It attacked young pigs and goats, game, poultry, and began to discharge bananas, maize and pineapples. Because the mongoose could not be hunted, its numbers increased rapidly, and it became a terrible past. All of the indigenous animals suffered damage.The mongoose learned to enjoy the native birds, snakes, lizards, turtles and their eggs. Now, it was specifically these animals that kept the local insect population in check. There were in the ecosystem of the Antilles a number of beetles, borers, and other insects that lived on and in the sugar cane. Until that time, they had not caused significant damage to the cane, because they were the natural food of so many local animals that kept their numbers down. However, as the birds, snakes, lizards, and turtles disappeared, the insect population began to increase. With no natural predators to keep them in check, the insects began to do more and more damage to the cane fields.Finally, the people of the Antilles realized that the introduction of the mongoose had caused a finely and delicately balanced system to go awry. The law against killing the mongoose was rescinded, and the mongoose population was reduced. Gradually, the different members of the plant and animal community came back into balance with each other and equilibrium was reestablished. However, the human members of the community would not soon forget that a single change in an ecosystem can cause a chain reaction that results in completely unforeseen and sometimes unwanted effects. PRACTICE MAKING AN OUTLINE The following short essay describes a simple CHAIN reaction. SADWhen wintertime arrives, some people get sad, even depressed. Doctors have recently started to study the causes of a medical disorder that they have appropriately named SAD, or seasonal affective disorder. People who suffer from SAD become very depressed during th e winter months. Their depression appears to be the result of a decrease in the amount of sunlight they are exposed to. Doctors theorize that decreased sunlight affects the production of melatonin, a hormone manufactured in the brain, and serotonin, a chemical that helps transmit nerve impulses. Depression may result from ensuing (following immediately) imbalance of these two substances in the body.Also doctors cogitate that a decrease in the amount of sunlight the body receives may cause a disturbance in the bodys natural clock ( normal cycle of sleep and wakefulness) which could, in turn, result in symptoms such as lethargy (tiredness), oversleeping, weight gain, anxiety, and irritabilityall signs of depression. Since absence of light seems to be the cause of this disorder, a daily dose of light appears to be the cure. Doctors advise patients to sit in front of a special light box that stimulates natural light for a few hours every day. In conclusion, the depressive effect of low sunlight levels may help explain the high number of depressed people in Scandinavian countries, and more importantly, it may suggest a remedy (cure). When the days grow short, turn on the lights. A) Read the essay above and answer these questions. 1. What causes the days to grow shorter? ________________________________________________________ 2. - What is the effect of shorter days? - 3. What does this cause? _________________________________________________________ 4. What other change results from a decrease in the amount of light? _________________________________________________________ 5. What is the final result? _________________________________________________________ B) Fill in the boxes to complete the flowchart, which illustrates the cause and effect chain described in the model essay SAD. WINTER Body produces lessLethargy, oversleeping, weight, anxiety, irritability CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY CHECKLIST Check the appropriate box. YES NO 1. Does your essay have general stat ements in the introduction paragraph? 2. Does your essay have a thesis statement that indicates the cause & effect style and expresses the central idea of your essay in the introduction paragraph? 3. Does your essay include both the causes and effects of the topic you wrote about? 4. Have you analyzed the causes with sufficient supporting details using cause & effect structure words? 5. Have you analyzed the effects with

Past Exam Paper

The current liability section of the companys Balance Sheet on 30 June 2011 should show a. desire Loan $100,000. b. Bank Loan $500,000. c. Bank Loan $500,000, Interest Payable $50,000. d. Bank Loan $1 00,000 Interest Payable $50,000. e. Bank Loan $1 00,000 Interest Payable $20,000. 4. Ham Ltd is close to issue $30 Million of debentures with a 7% coupon rate in the public debt market. On the date of issue the market rate of delight is 6%. How much should Ham expect to receive for the issue of debentures (excluding any transaction cost). a. $30 one million million b. More than $30 million c.Less than $30 million d. $31 million e. The answer cannot be determined from the information given Page 1 of 18 ACCT 7101 Accounting- Final Examination, Second Semester, 2011 5. Segregation of duties involves a. Ensuring that only employees with appropriate accounting qualifications work in the accounting department. b. Physically protecting sensitive assets. c. Providing each staff member with an individual password. d. Ensuring payments are only made when go with by appropriate authorized documentation. e. Separating record-keeping from handling of assets. 6.When pperforming bank reconciliation, the ending balance on the Bank Statement should be adjusted for which of the following items to obtain the improve Cash at Bank balance? a. Dishonoured (NSF) cheques. b. Unpresented cheques. c. Errors made by the accountant. d. Interest received by the bank. e. All of the above. 7. Truckie Ltd uses the perpetual inventory system. inventory? b. Dr Accounts Receivable, Cr gross sales revenue. How should it record a credit sale of a. Dr COGS, Cr Inventory Dr Accounts Receivable, Cr Sales revenue. c. Dr Inventory, Cr COGS Dr Accounts Receivable, Cr Sales revenue

Mr and Mrs Ramsay †Characterization Essay

The modernist path of thinking in literature brought about new moods of understanding and writing about people. Unlike the nineteenth century, where neo-classical influences still prevailed at times, writers of the 20th century focus on an individuals personal experience, feelings, what he is going through and how this affects him.The new mien of facial expression at people (prompted by the advancements in psychoanalysis among others) makes the modern man a complete man all the things, how ever small, that define him are interpreted into consideration and an important stress in laid on subjectivity as unique and only(prenominal) way of perceiving the world and appropriating it to himself. In her 1924 essay Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown, Virginia Woolf wrote that On or about December 1910, human character substituted. I am not saying that ane went out, as one might into a garden, and on that point saw that a rose had flowered, or that a hen had laid an egg.The change was not sud den and definite like that. But a change in that location was, nevertheless and, since one must be arbitrary, let us date it about the year 1910. However, perhaps it was only the humans change, exclusively also, the way that was written about humans and their sustenance, be it ordinary, outside, and more importantly, their inner life. Such is the case with Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay, the two main characters of Virginia Woolfs novel To the Lighthouse. The two are a couple in their fifties, married, and have eight children. They form a beautiful, and to some extent characteristic family.However, there is a lot that contributes to their division. Mrs. Ramsay is a beautiful woman, immemorial cubic decimeter, who has made an art out of existence a woman, more specifically a mother. She is arguably the true protagonist of the book, as her being permeates the existence of the ones nigh her. She is the one who sets everything into motion be it dinner parties, marriages, helping the ones around her, she is the one who never disappoints, and never seems to fail. She defines her existence through her being a mother and a wife Oh, but she never wanted James to grow a day older r Cam either.These two she would have care to keep for ever just as they were, demons of wickedness, angels of delight, never to see them grow up into long-legged monsters. Nothing made up for the loss. She loves her children, and would do anything to protect them and their childhood. This is the reason why she tells James, her youngest, that they result be able to go to the Lighthouse the spare-time activity day, and why she resents her maintain so much for stating the contrary obvious and crushing little James hopes.Although she is no longer a young woman, Mrs. Ramsay is full of vitality and energy. She is the central figure, around which the action revolves and who, at the same time, sets the action in motion. Her intentions are good knitting socks for the Lighthouse keepers tuberculosis- ridden son, tries to be nice to Charles Tansley, Mr. Ramsays student with working class origins whom her children mock, to Augustus Carmichael whose old age and opium addiction are sources of others looking overthrow on him.Constantly being surrounded by people has led her to become the gracious hostess and caring mother she is, but also to delimitate (and also seeing herself) in that position for ever. Having been a mother to small children a big part of her life (the Ramsays have eight children), and still being one, she wishes to keep her children at this age forever, supposedly for their well-being, but perhaps this comes due to a need to protect and go on the same routine she has lastn, as it is hard for her to think about herself outside these terms.One of the instances in which this is evident is the moment when she can follow her regular string of thoughts for as long as she hears some kind of familiar noises in the background. She is not used to being by herself, and not surrounded by people. However, in some truly trusty moments, she does not hide behind different masks (seen as roles she dispatchs, mother, wife, host, friend), and acknowledges her own existence as something deeply personal and private She took a look at life, for she had a clear sense of it there, something real, something private, which she shared neither with her children nor with her husband.What one can also recognize are remnants of Victorian morals and models, in both her and her husband. She is the central, matriarchal figure, who takes flush of her family, a dutiful wife while managing the household (one of her recurring thoughts is that the bill for the greenhouse will be fifty pound, and tries to be a matchmaker for Minta and Paul, but also for Lily Briscoe and Mr.Bankes, while being beautiful and admired, as Victorian women were expected to be. She has always maintained and upheld a steadfast belief in traditional gender roles men being strong and hiding weaknesse s (for their chivalry and valour, for the accompaniment that they negotiated treaties, ruled India, controlled finance), and women being the ones bringing the family together, and this makes her resent Mr. Ramsay for his confession to her that he feels like a failure.She cannot pay up the thought of her husband being a lesser man than who she thinks and wants him to be, a man better than her She did not like, even so for a second, to feel finer than her husband and further, could not bear not being entirely sure, when she spoke to him, of the truth of what she said () but it was their relation, and his coming to her like that, openly, so that any one could see, that elicit her for then people said he depended on her, when they must know that of the two he was infinitely the more important, and what she gave the world, in comparison with what he gave, negligible.It is arouse to see the way she influences and sometimes dominates the lives of those around her her husband is restle ss after her death and while they are still a couple feels he is a disappointment to her and himself. Prue, her daughter, admires her greatly what a chance it was for Minta and Paul and Lily to see her, and feeling what an extraordinary stroke of fortune it was for her, to have her. Mrs. Ramsay admires Lily Briscoe for her independence (she was an independent little creature, and Mrs.Ramsay liked her for it), her peculiar charm and her flare of something, that reminds her of herself.In turn, the young painter feels compelled by Mrs. Ramsays beauty and personality, that attracts and fascinates Lily, and which she finds impossible to transpose in the painting she is working on. It is only through Mrs. Ramsay, even after her death, that Lily finds her clarity and her vision. Mr. Ramsay is Mrs. Ramsays husband and one of the protagonists of the novel. He is a man in his fifties, a father and a metaphysics school of thought teacher.He defines himself through his work and, like an artist , is concerned with whether his work will be remembered, worth remembering, and how long it will survive after he is gone. This is one of the things that constantly drive him. Just like his wife, being raised in the spirit of traditional values and gender stereotypes, in relationships with his children he is tough, insensitive and has the wit that he must always be authoritarian and must always do things the right way.He is a rationalist, and feels he must stick to depart principles even when it comes to letting his six-year old son James hope that the weather will be fine so as to go to the Lighthouse the following day But it wont be fine. While Mrs. Ramsay tries to smooth out what had been harsh before, he has no problem with being harsh as long as it means sticking to the cold truth What he said was true. It was always true. He was incapable of untruth never tampered with a fact never altered a disagreeable word to suit the pleasure or convenience of any mortal being, least of all of his own children. ).His duty, his fatherlike duty is to make sure his children are prepared for their grown-up life from the beginning, although he is unaware of the fact that his presence stifles them his own children, who, sprung from his loins, should be aware from childhood that life is difficult. Through the eyes of Lily Briscoe, he is not good enough for Mrs. Ramsay, while through the eyes of his son James, who wants to take his place in a typical Oedipus complex, he is too harsh and cold, but he is also admired for his intelligence.Had there been an axe handy, a poker, or any weapon that would have gashed a hole in his fathers breast and killed him, there and then, James would have seized it. Such were the extremes of emotion that Mr. Ramsay excited in his childrens breasts by his continent presence. These do not mean that he and Mrs. Ramsay do not complement and complete each other. As it is observed in the first chapter of the novel, He put talking much easier tha n she did, but she felt herself very beautiful. He is the talkative one, the intellectual one, but it is her presence that attracts people. Moreover, both of them are dutiful persons.If Mrs. Ramsay thinks her duty is with her family and stressful to keep everyone happy and being a gracious host, Mr. Ramsay sees his duty in his work, his duty is to leave something valuable behind. The Ramsays are polar opposites, and can embody the Jungian archetypes of animus and anima. Among others, he has a constant need for approval and for people to tell him that his work is important and valuable. These (new to the time) ideas are what torment him so much as to make him confess to his wife that he feels like a failure, in hope of reassurance and sought-for comforting.However, this situation is new to what both of them have known about the way each other is supposed to be or feel, or the way they should handle it. This explains the distance that is created between them upon hearing each others t ake on the situation. Their inability to show true empathy can be a result of their Victorian ideas about their spouse and marriage and their own role there being put to the test. Victorian society would not have permitted for men to show weakness, not to mention confessing it to their own wives, their obvious inferior, and for women to think that they can even for a moment be better than their husbands.At the turn of a century and an age, they as individuals are confronted with new ideas, new sides of themselves they do not know how to reconcile with the other, traditional ideas everyone including themselves had taken as unmovable. This difficulty is seen in the stream of thoughts of both of them, but also has, as visible result, a cut/ ruin in communication between them, which leads to a possible estrangement/alienation from the other.What they fail to see is that the 20th century society and way of life gave way to a better way of communicating, they way one felt was important, a nd no one was supposed to play a previously defined part, and that this is the way things should be. This is seen in how they react to Mr. Ramsays moment of complete honesty Mrs. Ramsay cannot bear the thought of him telling her this and of actually having to be the better one, while Mr. Ramsay cannot get the comfort and reassurance he needs. Indeed, as Virginia Woolf wrote in her essay, human character did change at the beginning of the 20th century.People, both women and men, became more aware of themselves, and most importantly, became aware of their inner life and the attention it deserved. But this could not have been possible without the insight modernist writers offered through their books. What they tried to do, using the stream of consciousness technique, is depict the way human minds work, the messy, not completely coherent ways that this happens, the way in which we perceive a moment and how intense we live it and how much happens within us during that moment as opposed to the measured moment (the irst pages of the first chapter, when the same moment is presented through the eyes and inner thoughts of three characters).What they achieved, however, was to show that human beings are different (as Lily Briscoe says, fifty eyes are not enough to get round one person), and that everyone tries to find meaning in fleeting moments, albeit differently, and that society was wrong in accommodation them into stereotypes. And this too helped change the remnants of the Victorian society and turn people of the age into modern souls.

Does language play roles of equal importance in different areas of knowledge Essay

When a mother yells at her child using her childs full name, the little fellow recognizes that he or she should non extradite emptied his or her mothers perfume just so the child could see the cat sneeze. When the ballerina finally reunites with her first l all over after cubic decimetre years, champion hind end to a fault feel the happiness as if the feeling physically emanates from the theatre and enters the embrace of the individual. Indeed, wording plays more than different roles in the non-homogeneous areas of knowledge. Language is a means for interpreting and expressing the world surrounding an individual.Language earth-closet be defined into primary and secondary levels. The primary level of actors line is verbal language and the secondary level of language is visual language which includes body language and facial expressions as well as gestures such as raising a flag. Knowledge can be defined as different types of justified beliefs which humans hold. There are th ree essential elements of all(prenominal) knowledge claim. What we hold to be knowledge must contain truth inasmuch as it must not all be a belief solely wholeness that is justified. Knowledge must contain truths.A proposition that a subject does not believe cannot be a proposition that the subject knows leads to the report that knowledge requires belief. Finally, knowledge requires justification which contains the reasons and explanations of how something is true. This gives wiz a working definition of knowledge as justified true beliefs. Beliefs arise due to many causes. However, when beliefs are caused they may not immediately qualify as knowledge. It is important for beliefs to be derived from sources which are reliable.There are five sources of knowledge perception or senses, introspection, memory, reason and testimony. Knowledge can be subdivided into six distinct areas Mathematics, Natural Sciences, History, Human Sciences, Ethics and Art. These six areas are not exclus ive and can intersection with one another. For example, a scientist analyzing global warming may discover ethical considerations and may have to study historical data e. g. meteorological data in further analyzing the subject. One can see that the study of Natural Sciences may involve other areas of knowledge.Hence, the six areas are dynamic and overlapping. These six areas are withal culturally dependent for example, in some cultures there is no corresponding word for art. We now intend to look more specifically at the areas Art, Mathematics and History. These three specific Areas of Knowledge were chosen in order to give a wider perspective of the differing roles of language in the various areas of knowledge. The paper get out chance on how the roles of language vary in importance in communicating knowledge of the world.By considering the field of Art, one must note that Art can be a function of language used to express the self through the use of body languages, signs, action s and objects created with the intention of transmitting emotions and/or ideas. Art goes beyond the expressions words possess by giving one both abstract and concrete visual manifestations such as dances, symbols and art paintings. Art can reveal more than what words can express the saying a picture paints a thousand words may rattling well prove this point. A smiling face can mean more than just being happyit can also mean excitement and gratefulness.It appears, then, that there is no hard-and-fast limit on the number of interpretations for any given picture. Different social backgrounds and cultures may interpret a piece of art uniquely and with different connotations. For instance, the polish red means luck and prosperity in Chinese culture while on the other hand red amounts to danger from the perspective of the the States culture. Further, the significance of a painting or a piece of text depends upon the subjects interpretation. Since interpreting a piece of text is more stark and straightforward, consensus should be more easily reached.The meaning of the words of a text seems to be more objective and fixed and therefore it is more possible to agree on one interpretation of the text. On the other hand, a painting, sculpture, or any object that is labeled as art can be interpreted in many ways. The artworks meaning appears to be more ambiguous than the meaning of a text. For instance, De Koonings paintings of womenreminiscent of abstract paintingare done with bold, cut down and swirling brush strokes which may signify grotesque imagery, violence and carelessness on one side and may signify glorification or even compulsion on the other.The second Area of Knowledge to be considered is Mathematics. Mathematics uses symbols to express truths virtually the natural world. The use of Mathematical symbols is a manifestation of language which is a powerful way of expressing natural truths. Are these truths more valid or justified than verbal truths? Mathem atical symbols do have a very strict meaning and are more exacting than ones use of words. The case of 1+1=2 seems to be logically true and expresses an international and natural truth about the world. With this, Mathematics can explain how the world actually works.However, Mathematics is only one limiting way of understanding and expressing truths about the world as it allows one to express knowledge of space and time while being futile in expressing human behavior and emotions. Some Mathematicians also claim that the language of Mathematics is the best and the most accurate way of expressing knowledge. However, can Mathematics express human emotions which are by nature very subjective? Mathematics limits an individual by merely granting one the capability to express ideas which are reducible to logical symbols.Mathematics is unable to benefactor one express abstract ideas such as the nature of beauty, virtue or goodness. Lastly, History uses words to obtain a written magnetic d isc of the past. Unlike Mathematics and Art, History seems to allow the individual to express human behavior, beliefs, ideas and emotions more fully and more accurately. It also attempts to arrive at a consensus on the true nature of past events. Since the meanings of words can vary over time, the study of a historical document may lead to ambiguity and misconstrue among historians.For instance, although it is understood that the hieroglyphics of Ancient Egypt are symbols that tell a narrative, deciphering the precise meaning of the individual hieroglyphics is not only tedious but also unreachable. Egyptologist can only ever make an educated guess about the meanings of these symbols. The same holds true about the study of Ancient Languages such as Latin or Anglo-Saxon. compensate Modern English is made up of three layers of vocabulary Anglo-Saxon (with additions from the Old Norse), French and Latin (with additions from Greek).The roots of language become lost over time thereby ob scuring the meanings of the words. In essence, a study of History, which depends on the study of ancient text, reveals how the meaning of words can fail the individual. Although words can help express humans needs, emotions and wants, the use of words has many limitations. Since a particular word such as cool has multiple meanings, how can a group of individuals be certain that they are referring to one and the same thing? Moreover, people from different cultures or social groups may understand cool in very different ways.Yet, while language through words plays a primary role in communication, even the slightest variation of the words meaning limits people from understanding even simple statements. Further, language translations may not always be accurate. The inaccuracy of translation amounts to the failure of fully comprehending the meaning of a international language. A slight misunderstanding of the words appears inevitable. For example, the Chinese idiom will always be less s ignificant than understanding the phrase in Chinese however hard people try to translate the meaning.Languages fail to fully express intuition because words oftentimes do not completely relieve or express the feelings of individuals. The connotation of words makes their meaning and usage subjective. People from different cultural and social backgrounds may interpret words and ideas quite differently. For example, how does one define the word love? The abstract and diverse meaning of love means we may have different definitions of the word and therefore misunderstandings are not farfetched. We cannot define words with words which are coherent enough to prevent the meaning from becoming ambiguous.In spite of all these, language remains a vital and important tool for humans to communicate their thoughts and ideasas John Stuart Mill once said language is the light of the mind. The different roles of language forge friendships, business associations and cultural ties. While the discussi on is confined to a brief discussion of the roles of language in only three areas of knowledge, one can see that language, although ambiguous and subjective at times, is still the most powerful tool individuals have in expressing knowledge of the world surrounding humanity.

Study on the Financial Management for Small Business

Financial Management for the Small line of productsB. The Thirteen Steps to acquiring a patronage organisationB. Beginning the search-who lav help?2. Choosing the method that is better(p) for your situation3. Some different methods of valuing a creaseVI. The rewards of effecting for yourselfThe decisiveness to acquire a disdain of your sustain is non an easy t assume. There ar many things to consider before the final decision is made. First of all, exactly what do you want to accomplish? To view millions of dollars, right? Or is it to have the liberty of macrocosm your own boss? Whatever the reason, you must be received that it is something that you are ready to impart an exorbitant amount of time and energy into and that it is something that you really want. Otherwise, you power be stuck doing something that you hate. If you are ready to mail then(prenominal) you must ask yourself just how far depart that commitment extend. How much(prenominal) of your own time, energy, and funds are you leading to sacrifice?after the decision is made, the acquisition of a small business nooky be summed-up into nine locomote, in which most depart be elaborated upon later. These are the nine steps to any business acquisition, regard slight of its size or industry1. The search, locating a business on hand(predicate) for bargain.2. Identifying substitute(a) rotterdidates.9. Managing the transition period. (Tuller, 10)Some considerations that disregardnot be avoided when purchasing a small businessinclude the head teacher of take aiming a partner, the current economic factors, considering alternate locations, and developing a tax strategy. When debating whether or not a partner is needed or wanted, you need to know if youre red to need additional equity as well as sharing the put on the line of failure. For these reasons, a partnership seems to be a great idea, further there are also many cons that should be recognized. Having too many partners can alter the move of decision-making, shared liability can cause obvious puzzles, and sharing profits sum less for you. Added to this, get knocked give away(p) of a partnership can be very difficult.Evaluating the current economic factors simply means to know what you are getting into. Be sure to have some knowledge ab egress the business itself and its market. Know how to make and sell the product efficiently and in a service industry, be sure to know the current and correct way things are done-sometimes they are not one in the same. situation is key. Location of the target can be a major determinate in both the finance of the deal and prob equal to(p) success in managing the business after closingTheres no sense outlay time, driving, and funds on a target located in the price place. (Tuller, 12) Along with this, the in-person strife of having to travel a great distance to get to work can be very frustrating. So, be sure that the location of your potential business is profitable in every way.One the greatest minds of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein, once said, tax is the most difficult thing in the world to understand. Unfortunately, with the ever-changing laws, that problem gets worse every year. This means that you should have knowledge of the current tax laws. You will have a unique opportunity to make decisions on exactly how much money will change hands, and how I will allocated on the honorarium schedule.(Smorgenburg, 112) Maximizing profit for both you and the vendor can only be done through proper knowledge of tax law, if you are not comfortable handling this alone, a consultant might not bad a bad idea.After all of the above is settled, the about thing to figure is the amount of initial income is required. Not only the income required to purchase the entity (which will be elaborated upon later), but also the amount of money that you need to survive for the years to come. If you need $100,000, then dont look at smaller compani es which can only yield $30,000. (Tuller, 23)The following 13 steps will help to locate a target and close the deal in the shortest possible time-and when buying a company, time is money.2. Prepare a reasonable Acquisition Plan.3. Review current tax laws for structuring the deal.4. Develop a pointed plan for sourcing potential targets.5. Perform a preliminary imputable diligence investigation.6. Negotiate a worth and scathe based on a rea identifyic valuation.7. Perform a thorough overdue diligence investigation.8. Prepare a arrest business plan.9. Develop sources for at least three alternative pay structures.10. Arrange for the final updated due diligence investigation.11. Write the Buy/Sell Agreement and bring off the final contract language.12. Plan how you will operate the company after closing.Yet another essential instrument in the purchase of any business is the AcquisitionPlan. This document lists every step and detail leading to the closing of the deal. Starting with the industry view, it lists the start date, the finish date, and the cost of each of these processes. Following the survey is the target search, then on to the due diligence investigations. The importance of this plan revolves around the organization of a solid purchase. With this, you are able to enact the purchase at the right moment for you, this time being a buyers market. If you need to wait out the bear market, you can do it much easier with everything laid out in front of you. Hence, the Acquisition Plan does the job.All of the above steps and considerations are a mess up if you are unable to find a business for sale. The difficulty of finding the type of business that you will purchase is put to ease through an M & A consultant, accountant, or simply browsing the bulwark Street Journal. A smaller gas station or party store-type business can usually be found in the local paper. On the other hand, if you are looking for a big company, an M & A consultant may be pricey ( 2-15,000 dollars for a retainer), but this is probably the scoop up way to go. Be sure to ask the consultant many questions regarding his or her creditability. For instance, get a list of references and ask about the number of deals he closed in the old 12 months.Negotiating a purchase price involves a thorough valuation of the projected purchase. Evaluation of a business is essential because you need to know what you are paying for and how much you should pay. If you are a buyer, your valuation will also be helpful to you when you meet with lenders, so that you can help justify the mount you are asking to borrow. For this endeavor alone, however, a valuation is not generally worth the effort. (Horn, 20) There are many different methods that you can use to properly determine the value of the entity. The most common methods are as follows the Ability-To-Pay Method, this method is utilize in almost all buy/sell cases.It makes clear whether the acquisition can pay for itself out o f its own cash flow. The Discounted Cash Flow Method is most often used when the company is going to be purchased as an investment and held for a limited number of years. It is also used in speculative situations, such as lastly leveraged deals that have to a greater extent of a proportion of debt than usual. The third method is the repletion Earnings Method, used to value any profitable company. The Excess Earnings method assumes that a business is worth the market value of its tangible assets, plus a premium for widewill if the earnings are high enough.(Horn, 51)Another area that must be calculated is goodwill. Goodwill is not an operating cost and cannot be depreciated. It does not provide you with tax relief(Smorenburg, 114) Since there is no record of the worth of goodwill, it can be fairly difficult to determine an accurate buying price. Usually the seller will set the price based on their knowledge of the company. The set price, however, should be reasonable. Negotiations can be made to produce an consonant price.The next step is to set a purchase price. There is no right or wrong way to value a business. Each company has different characteristics Obviously, the seller will argue that the cyberspace asset value method is right because thats what he invested in the business.(Tuller, 103) You should consider all factors in the P/E/ ratios, liquidation value, net asset value, and historic and projected cash flow. After analyzing these aspects of the business, you should be able to determine a fair price for the entity.The earn of intent is a document that aims to formalize the terms around which a later negotiation will revolve. As such, the letter is primarily a in question(p) offer that remains subject to further negotiations and confirmation of material facts through a process of due diligenceBy offering a letter of intent, you tangibly solidify your resolve and thereby make the seller understand that you are a serious buyer.(Smorenburg, 126)The letter of intent covers the precise terms of the deal, the payment details, and management and other issues involving the transfer. You need to give your accountant and lawyer a draft of the letter for review. This way, you are protected from any loopholes that can harm you. It proves that you are a serious buyer and entices the seller to more openly discuss sensitive aspects of the business. The letter is a written contract that can be legally cancelled at any time without the consent of the other party, so be sure that you and the seller are in agreement.Once everything is settled and you and the seller are in agreement to the term of the letter of intent, the next task you face is finding the initial capital. Using other peoples money to finance a purchase is a key ingredient if business success. Financing falls into two separate categories debt and equity.Debt financing is the most elementary of the two. It is basically taking a impart from a lender and paying it endorse wit h interest. It is reliant on the business or individuals ability to pay the loan off. Usually, collateral will be made available to the source of the loan in the case that you cannot continue to make payments. A good credit history and reputation is another aspect that financing is reliant upon. With these, a loan is much easier to get.Equity financing means obtaining funds in exchange for selling or giving up a part of interest in the business. Equity financing is not a loan rather, it is the sale of a part of you business.(Fallek, 82) The popularity of equity financing has increased in the high tech industries in the past few years. However, selling a part of your newly purchased business may not be your form of tea, so choose your type of financing wisely.Some traditional sources of capital include yourself, family and friends, commercial banks, loan companies, insurance companies, credit unions and private investors. The old saying, dont mix business with pleasure is applicable when dealing with family and friends. taking a loan from these sources can cause turmoil if the loan cannot be paid back. Banks are the meter for business lending. The amount they charge is based on two factors the size and history of the customer and the risk the bank will take in providing the loan.(Fallek, 85) If you are able to decrease the banks risk and have a standing credit line, you will get the most out of your loan. The other types of traditional lenders are less frequently used, but are also good sources of capital.Nontraditional money sources are unlimited in number and type, but you need to be creative to acquire the necessary funds from them.(Fallek, 89) These sources include customers, suppliers, leasing companies, local development companies, and advertising for money. Customers or potential customers are often great sources of funding, as well as suppliers. Suppliers will furnish you with the necessary equipment and product. Leasing companies and local developme nt companies are also good nontraditional sources of capital. You can actively seek funding by running a display advertisement in the business section under the appropriate heading in the classified ads of your local newspaper. Specify the amount of money needed and the type of business for which it will be used.(Fallek, 91)Yet another source for funding might be through the Small Business Administration. They offer different types of loan programs to small businesses. The SBA Guaranteed Loan course grants a loan on the basis that the individual needs more time than allotted by other lenders to pay back the loan, has insufficient credit, or lack business experience. There are no restrictions as to the number of SBA loans a company or individual may have, as long as the SBAs exposure does not exceed $750,000.(Fallek, 96)The final step in acquisition of a business is the closing. You will need a lawyer if you dont currently have one. The search for the right lawyer requires certain q uestions to be answered. For instance, you want to find out the lawyers hourly rates, experience, availability, if there is any conflict of interest between the lawyer and the seller, and any other applicable questions. The best way to find a lawyer is word of mouth, ask friends and family for references. When a lawyer is located, you must then begin the study review.Even thought most buyers work with their local CPA in preparing the business plan and counsel with him on tax matters relative to the acquisition, the audit review should be preformed by an independent CPA firm in the same city as the target company preferably on of the Big-5 firms The audit review consists of a comprehensive look at business since the last audit with particular emphasis on determining the adequacy of inborn controls and internal reports.(Tuller, 192) Be sure to take this step, it examines all aspects of the business and insures that it is a safe investment. After this is complete, its time to close t he deal.The documents generally needed for proper closure are a buy/sell agreement, an earn out agreement, a promissory note terms and conditions agreement, title search and title insurance, lease agreements, employment contracts, personal guarantees, and an equity agreement with the lender. These documents are dealt with and an announcement should be made to the employees, customers, and vendors of the change in ownership. There is a mood of anticipation, of excitement, and even-if the truth be know-of fear. Of all the events which take place in the business world, nothing can match an acquisition closing for pure excitement and thrill.(Tuller, 203) the actual signing of the transfer documents will not usually take more than an hour. The key is not to worry about what you are signing, thats what your lawyer is for. After all the money spent, the time devoted and the effort put forth, the business is finally yours.Running your own business can be very rewarding. You dont have anyone to answer to besides the government. You are in complete control. Along with this the ability to write off certain expenses is enough of a reward in itself. The effort you put forth is completely up to you. The life and death of the business is in your hands.