Defense of Socrates Essay - 1590 Words

Defense of Socrates There are times in every mans life where our actions and beliefs collide—these collisions are known as contradictions. There are endless instances in which we are so determined to make a point that we resort to using absurd overstatements, demeaning language, and false accusations in our arguments. This tendency to contradict ourselves often questions our character and morals. Similarly, in The Trial of Socrates (Plato’s Apology), Meletus’ fallacies in reason and his eventual mistake of contradicting himself will clear the accusations placed on Socrates. In this paper, I will argue that Socrates is not guilty of corrupting the youth with the idea of not believing in the Gods but of teaching the youth to think for†¦show more content†¦Socrates begins by asking Meletus if he thinks that Socrates has corrupted the young by â€Å"teach[ing] them not to acknowledge the gods which the state acknowledges, but some other new divinities,† and Meletus agree s that this is the reason for his accusation. However, Meletus further states that Socrates is a complete â€Å"atheist,† meaning that he does not believe in god at all. This inconsistency in Meletus’ answers refute the entire accusation that Socrates is an atheist because Meletus already has established that Socrates teaches â€Å"other men to acknowledge some gods, and therefore that [he] does believe in gods, and [is] not an entire atheist.† This can also be presented as an argument in which our first premise is (P1) that Atheists do not believe in Gods, our second premise is that (P2) Socrates believes in God, and our conclusion therefore is that (C) Socrates is not an Atheist. This logically proves that Meletus is incorrect in his reasoning and that Socrates is not guilty of teaching the youth not to believe in Gods as a whole, but has only attempted to broaden their minds by introducing them to divinities outside of the state. A final argument that we can make in defense of this thesis is that Socrates does believe in Gods, which would refute any reason for him to corrupt the youth with atheistic ideas. Socrates begins by asking a series of question: â€Å"Did ever man, Meletus, believe in the existence ofShow MoreRelatedDefense of Socrates1888 Words   |  8 PagesApology: Defence Of Socrates By: Gregory Klima Apology Defense Of Socrates Plato s The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with the following 1) Not recognizing the gods recognized by the state 2) Corrupting the youth of Athens For the most part, Socrates spoke in a very plain, conversational manner, as one would speak to a friend or lecture a child. He explained that he has no experience with courts and demeanor that comes with , heRead MoreDefense on Socrates Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesDefense on Socrates There are times in every mans life where our actions and beliefs collideÂâ€"these collisions are known as contradictions. There are endless instances in which we are so determined to make a point that we resort to using absurd overstatements, demeaning language, and false accusations in our arguments. This tendency to contradict ourselves often questions our character and morals. Similarly, in The Trial of Socrates (Platos Apology), Meletus fallacies in reason and his eventualRead More Socrates Defense Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesThey begin by telling everyone not to be deceived and to take caution because Socrates is a â€Å"clever speaker†. According to Socrates, the difference between him and his accusers is that he speaks the truth. He is on trial for two items, which include, corrupting the youth and impiety. Socrates tells everyone that he has no experience with the court and he will speak the way he is used to by being honest and direct. Socrates explains that hi s behavior is from the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Read MoreThe Socrates Defense Speech755 Words   |  4 PagesIn Socrates defense speech there were certain parts that could have influenced the jury to judge him as guilty and sentenced him to death. The first time Socrates words failed him in this way was when he said that there was no one wiser than him according to the Pythia (Lines 21a). The jury mostly likely interpreted this as, if a man who is of such low class is â€Å"wiser† than them then that must mean they know nothing. The jury probably took offense to this because they all felt they had known theirRead MoreThe Trial of Socrates: an Analysis and Construction of Socrates Defense2369 Words   |  10 PagesThe Trial of Socrates: An Analysis and Construction of Socrates Defense Understanding the decisions made by the jurymen in Socrates trial will always be a mystery, but one can perceive why some would have voted the way that they did. Politically and historically Athens was a thriving place of innovation and philosophical advancements. Athens could very well be divided, morally on various aspects, one of them being which â€Å"political† affiliation Athenians related themselves with. Some choicesRead MoreEssay about Defense of Socrates595 Words   |  3 Pages Plato’s â€Å"Defense of Socrates† follows the trial of Socrates for charges of corruption of the youth. His accuser, Meletus, claims he is doing so by teaching the youth of Athens of a separate spirituality from that which was widely accepted. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socrates’ argument was unique in that he tried to convince the jury he was just an average man and not to be feared, but in actuality demonstrated how clever and tenacious he was. He begins with an anecdote of his visit to the OracleRead MoreSocrates (Defense), the Apology Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates – â€Å"The Apology† or (Defense) Socrates had no written work, never had a job and there are questions of whether he was even literate. However, Plato was a student of Socrates and recorded what occurred at his death trial. Socrates asked lots of questions and made people with political power look stupid. At no time during his trial does he claim to be innocent. He (attacks his accuser instead) There were two types of charges brought against him. - The new or (Official) ChargesRead MoreSocrates Systematic Defense Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesPlatos Apology begins with the opening statements of Socrates. The jurymens ears are still ringing with the sound of his accusers well-crafted arguments, and the stage is set for Socrates to defend himself. The reputable orator surprisingly begins his defense by stating that he is not going to â€Å"toy with words† but will argue his case with the first words that come to mind (17c). The tension becomes evident as Socrates systematic defense leads him to contradict his opening statements and undermineRead MoreThe Defense Of Socrates, Euthyphro, And Crito Essay2308 Words   |  10 PagesThe Defense of Socrates Essay In the book Plato: The Defense of Socrates, Euthyphro, and Crito, Socrates is accused and taken to court on the charges of corrupting the youth, impiety, and his slandering of orators. His accusers most notably Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon have all requested that Socrates be trailed and punished under the law for his crimes. During Socrates’ trail he is given a chance to explain himself against the accusations which he is being convicted under. IfRead MoreSocrates Defense Against The Criticism Of Plato s Apology2077 Words   |  9 PagesAfter the introductory remarks, Plato’s Apology continues with Socrates’ defense against the â€Å"First Accusations,† because his accusers are many, and of all ages: the older accusers have persuaded the youth to speak and think badly of Socrates, and given that they were at an age of influence, the lesson stuck. The old accusations that Socrates has to address first and foremost are: â€Å"Socrates is guilty of wrongdoing in that he busies himself studying things in the sky and below the earth; he makes

Ageism and the Elderly - 2651 Words

Ageism and the Elderly Decrepit, senile, over the hill, old fart or slow driver are often the words you hear when referring to â€Å"the elderly†. In 1969, Robert Butler, the first director of the National Institute on Aging was the first to use the term â€Å"ageism† to describe the stereotyping of people because of their age. The term ageism contains a negative bias or attitude toward the aging. This it a form of discrimination. While there is other ‘isms used in American society; sexism, or racism, ageism enables the younger generation to see older people differently, they may be seen as just old people who are no longer able to actively contribute to society. When is a person considered to be old or elderly? There was a time when you†¦show more content†¦Other countries, like Japan and China consider their older citizens honorable and are treated with respect and honor. There are very few retirement homes in these countries because these families honor their elders and t hrive on the wisdom they can offer. So when they are unable to care themselves family members step in and take care of them. Society put’s people into classifications. Even though there are laws to protect classification (also known as stereotyping) it is done every day, there are classifications for race, religion, even sexual orientation. So as people progress through life their classification also changes; start school, age 4; graduate high school and attend college, age 18; graduate from college and procure gain full-time employment, age 25; stop working, age 65. So unless you die at a young age everyone will experienced some sort-of ageism. Ageism can be inflicted upon oneself. Our society worships youthfulness and to be young you need to be sexy, full of energy, somewhat thin and no wrinkles. So since most seniors are none of those they tend to feel less than worthy, isolated, and become depressed. These can cause a decline in mental and physical capabilities leading to just giving up. Because of financial responsibility most seniors started working at young ages. With the companies changing to more technology capabilities they have been forced to cut cost and workforce.Show MoreRelatedAgeism : A Social Perspective About The Elderly Essay2471 Words   |  10 PagesAgeism is a term that refers to a set of beliefs about age. Ageism is a type of stereotyping that relate to prejudgment or discrimination against any particular age group and is viewed as a negative perspective about the elderly. Ageism supposes that the elderly is no longer able to contribute to society in a meaningful way, and drain the broader society’s resources because of a continuous decline in health and well-being. (Women s Health Encyclopedia, 2011) Studies like the Census Bureau statisticsRead MoreAgeism : Prejudice Or Discrimination Against A Particular Age Group And Especially The Elderly1960 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to the online dictionary, Merriam Webs ter (2015) ageism is â€Å"prejudice or discrimination against a particular age group and especially the elderly.† Ageism is a form of stereotyping that can be pernicious to organisations by creating a platform for discrimination and further conflict. Ageism occurs quite regularly within organisations, whether it is directly or unknowingly, and intervention methods need to be employed to stop this conflict from arising. Stereotypes have long been prevalentRead MoreAgeism, By Robert M. Butler1589 Words   |  7 Pagesresource themselves†, this being a common interpretation many have on elderly because of Ageism (Irving, 2015, p. 72). The term â€Å"Ageism† was developed in 1969 by Robert M. Butler, the director of the District of Columbia Advisory Committee on Aging (SOURCE). Ageism, meaning, the prejudice and discrimination against older people (Macionis, 2014, pg.104), has been an un-noticed growing stereotype. When many think of becoming an elderly they mostly think of the things you can’t do any more. This point exactlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Ageism On The Delivery Of Nursing Care For The Older Person1736 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide the audience with an understanding of ageism in healthcare by critically analyzing the impact of ageism on the delivery of nursing care for the older person. This essay will be based from the perspective of the impact of a registered nurse’s ageist behaviour on the older patient, the nursing care of the older patient and the impact on colleagues in the health care team. This essay will also discuss theories and relevant principles of ageism, nursing care and the health care environmentRead MoreDiscrimmination against the Elderly Essay955 Words   |  4 Pages(1975) was one of the first writers on ageism and he defined it as â€Å"a process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old. . . . Old people are categorized as senile, rigid in thought and manner, old fashioned in morality and skills† (p. 35). Ageism is a form of oppression of elders by youth and adults. Ageism intersects with classism and sexism to produce differences in distribution of retirement resources for the elderly. Women of all ethnic groups live longerRead MoreAgeism : Stereotypes And Stereotyping Of Older People Today Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesAgeism is a popular and important topic to discuss as it represents a great issue in today’s society. The article â€Å"Ageism in America† focuses on the biases and stereotyping of older people here in America. The elderly is highly discriminated against and we tend to not realize this enough. Ageism is an ever growing concern in the United States and is an issue that needs to be resolved. There is a concern of what will become of ageism in the future. The term ageism is based on an individuals or societiesRead MorePositive and Negative Effects of Ageism Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages Ageism, the Third Great â€Å"ism† â€Å"Ageism has been called the ultimate prejudice, the last discrimination, the cruelest rejection,† Stein (unpublished). We as a people have defeated for the most part racism and sexism, but we have allowed the third great â€Å"ism† to remain unchallenged. â€Å"This widely practiced prejudice has gone on for generations and is known as ageism,† (Palmore, Erdman, Ballagh (1999). By definition, according to Webster’s Dictionary, it is discrimination against person’s of a certainRead MoreAgeism Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesToday, elderly people in the United States are isolated from the rest of the world. Most of them live in nursing homes where they are far away from their families. Others live by themselves where they have no family members visiting them and leaving them to take care of everything. Some researchers believe that ageism, in the form of negative stereotypes, directly affects longevity. In a study published by the American Psyc hological Association, Yale School of Public Health professor Becca Levy andRead MoreAgeism : A Social Injustice1322 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Ageism is a form of discrimination most commonly experienced by the elderly, and because of that, it is unjustly overlooked. It may not capture the same level of universal attention as other forms of discrimination, such as racism or sexism, but it is a social injustice all the same. The elderly population is stereotyped and discriminated against on the basis of their age in almost all aspects of life. They are discriminated against in the workforce, in the healthcare system, in theirRead MoreTerror Management Theory Applied To Ageism In Film1554 Words   |  7 PagesTerror Management Theory applied to Ageism in Film Frida Ramirez Lone Star College – University Park Terror Management Theory applied to Ageism in Film Ageism (prejudice toward the elderly) is becoming a pressing issue as the population of adults over sixty proliferates (Levy Macdonald, 2016, p. 5). Enforcers of ageist stereotypes include the mainstream film industry. By enforcing a negative stereotype, the media subconsciously implements fear of growing old and ultimately dying among its viewers

Global Warming Hoax free essay sample

Global Warming: The Hoax of the 21st Century I Buena Vista University I Bridget M. Broodier I Abstract This essay takes a closer look into what Global Warming really consists of, or if it even exists at all. It will uncover proven scientific research that shows the truths behind the politics, provide data of the actual recorded climate changes, and explain why the Going Green policies are Just a scam to make additional money off consumers as well as a scare tactic for the government to gain control. Global Warming Hoax The Darwinism symbol http://housewarmings. Wordless. Com/2010/04/05/the-meaning-of-the-Christian- Since the beginning of time, the human population has been quick to realize that scare tactics are effective at making sure control is accomplished. One of the very first, or most famous, hoax stories belonged to the Roman Empire. They worried that the poor would start to rise against and even possibly conquer the Empire so they started to teach redemption. They taught the citizens that if they worked hard and stayed loyal to their residing government, then they would be sent to a wonderful and peaceful after life, but if they turned against them, then they would be sent to a eerie pit to rot for eternity. More recently, the hoax of the twentieth century was the idea of evolution, known as Darwinism, by Charles Darwin. Darwin not only brought up an exotic idea but also had scientific proof to back up his theories. Why did these hoax stories work? Because they brought up the exact things that people did not want to discuss, it stirred things up to say the least. What do these two hoax stories have in common? There actually is a lot in common with both of these stories, but the main element is that they come very close to contradicting each other. The first story remises an eternal prosperous life as long as there is a lifetime dedicated to loyalty to their government. The second story swears that humans evolved from the nature around us. The connection: religion versus government. H. L. Mencken said The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. (Buchanan, 2010). Global warming is the biggest hoax of the 21st century. One tot the strongest sales points tot the global warming hoax is that the human race s making the world temperatures rise, which will have a domino effect ultimately resulting in the end of the world, unless we do something about it. One point that never is mentioned in the Going Green Campaigns is the fact that in the last 1. 6 million years there have been 63 alternations between warm and cold climates, and no indication that any of them were caused by changes in carbon dioxide levels (Contorts, 2010). Figure 2: The beneficial element of carbon dioxide in the oxygen cycle. Http://water. Me. Vics. Dude/concepts/kilocycle. HTML The major cause for this global warming that is negative has been blamed on carbon dioxide (CA). According to Harvard astrophysicist Sallies Balsas, the added CA in the atmosphere may actually benefit the world because more CA helps plants grow (Stolen 2007). This is a very beneficial statement added to the debate, mainly because the Green advocates want to a im their green tactics at eliminating carbon dioxide, but without carbon dioxide in the world nothing could be green. See figure two that shows how carbon dioxide is a beneficial element of the oxygen cycle on earth. Over the preceding million years, climate and carbon dioxide levels have ranged, but even at much higher CA levels than todays, life still has flourished Could, 2012). Also, another significant negative factor said to cause this major climate change are greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases, dictionary definition, are gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation. They include carbon dioxide (CA), methane (CHI), nitrous oxide (NON), and water vapor. Other than carbon dioxide, the other gases are almost never mentioned. However, water vapor is a strong greenhouse gas and accounts for at least ninety-five percent of any greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide accounts for about three percent, and the engaging two percent is a combination of methane and nitrous oxide. However, for having such a huge part of the cause to this problem, water vapor is hardly acknowledged; instead the focus stays on carbon dioxide because it can be considered attributed to human activities. Figure 3 http://www. Americanization. Com/2011107/ the_global_warming_hoax_how_soon_we_forget. HTML In addition, another factor of the global warming viewpoint states that the temperatures are steadily rising. According to William Heaper, Princeton physics professor, global temperatures have increased by around four-fifths of one degree Celsius since the Little Ice Age of the early 1800. Some of that warming has probably come from increased amounts of CA, but the timing o f the warming much of it before CA levels had increased appreciably suggests that a substantial fraction of the warming is from natural causes that have nothing to do with mankind (Could, 2012). The main focus of blaming human activities for the varying temperatures has been proven to be false numerous times, yet no one ever brings up the research studies that have shown how the climates have changed and varied over the past few entities, as a part of nature not because of human activities. Prior to what is known as the Little Ice Age, which lasted from approximately the early asses through the mid asses, there was a period now called the Medieval Warm Period from 900-1300 A. D. This period has been suggested to comparable with the warming in the twenty- first century according to a 2 study (Swenson, 2 See Figure three that snows the past ten thousand years climate change. Figure 4: Normal melting from a Antarctica glacier, as you can also see the different layers in the glacier from prior letting refreezing. Http://news. Softwoods. Com/newswoman/Most-Glaciers-Len- The-World-Melting-2. Jpg/ Human activities have also been blamed for causing the ice caps of Antarctica to start melting. The fact behind this is that the glaciers are still covering the continent, contrary to what some have said. Glaciers have been receding and growing regularly for hundreds of years. The most recent glacier melting has been noted as a consequence of coming out of the Little Ice Age in the mid asses. Scientists know of at least thirty-three periods of glaciers growing and retreating; its armor (Swenson, 2011). This has been shown by the different layers that make up a glacier; each layer has been from the melting and refreezing stages. See figure four that shows the actual melting process along with the side of the glacier that displays the different layers it consists of from various melting and refreezing eras. While we hear endless arguments over the Arctic ice cap, we hear very little about a 2009 British Antarctica Survey that the sea ice cap has been expanding by one-hundred- thousand square kilometers (62,138 miles roughly) a decade for the last thirty years. This translates into about thirty-eight hundred miles of new ice every year (Buchanan, 2010). Figure 5: Political cartoon of Green politics. Http://Junior. Bloodspot. Com/2012/06/mandating-theoretical-hypothetical. HTML This also points out a very valid question: can we trust the statistics we hear on television? Now, well trying not to sound like a conspiracy theory, facts have to be presented. These facts include skewed statistics and scientists. According to Texas Governor Rick Perry There are a substantial number of scientists who have manipulated data so they would have dollars rolling into their projects (Miller, 2011). This is a great objection to validate, especially since scientific grants and funding are based on an as needed basis, so if there is no need or at least a minute chance of being seen necessary then there will not be money delegated to it. So, in order to research this Global Warming project further in-depth, and to have the funding to make that possible, scientists know they must make it an alarming issue. Instead of basing the research on existing facts that the earth has climate changing cycles or that nature is the main cause of the issues at hand, they can blame it on human activities to start a trickle-down effect. Why does the public not ever get to hear this information? Dry. Sallies Bilingual said it perfectly, Its the money! Twenty-five billion dollars in government funding has been spent since 1990 to research global warming. If scientists and researchers were coming out releasing reports that global warming has little to do with man and most to do with Just how the planet works, there wouldnt be as much money to study it (Stolen, 2007). The scientific alternatives that have been approved and distributed to the public as green products also bring up a point to challenge. The most debatable product on the environmentally friendly production line is the compact florescent light bulb. These products specifically are costly and contain a significant hazardous potential as it contains mercury. This meaner consumers must take extra steps to maintain their own personal health and safety. One step in this process is ensuring consumers have correct knowledge tot now to dispose tot the bulbs when they do burn out or what steps to take if a bulb was to break around them. This is knowledge that every consumer may not have access to, therefore creating a hazard to the general populace. The Green movement has had several political benefits as well. While there have been many political debates over the global changes, many campaigns have been based on being environmentally friendly. The chances of these programs being taken to congress after election are few and far between, but the potential cost to the country of implementing each program is way beyond the billions if not trillions of dollars, but that is the fine print that no one reads as they vote (Miller, 2011). Congressional debates over these programs constantly exist, therefore writing a program into law seldom happens. While each candidate vows to be conscious of the surrounding environment, each program that gets released normally consists of some damage to the environment or, even worse, has harmful effects to the population. These are the items that are never mentioned. Http://American. Com/ archive/2008/November-11-08/why-biomasss-greener-Jojobas-plan-wont- work/ In 2011, for instance, President Barack Obama was fighting the sky rocketing unemployment rates in the United States. As an attempt to stick to the green agenda and tackle unemployment rates he launched a plan targeted to create Green Jobs. This involved creating more energy efficient production, environmental specialists, as well as tree and landscaping opportunities and much more that would require labor, therefore fulfilling a sizeable portion of the unemployed. The main issue of this was that there were not enough funds to delegate to projects that were seen as unnecessary. This created such a disruption and large debate among congress that most agreed that the foundation of Beams Green Jobs approach to the unemployment issue, since the very concept of Green Jobs is Just as bogus as the idea of a carbon footprint (Swenson, 2011). On the other end of the spectrum there are several political faces that are willing to stand up and say no to the Global Warming bandwagon. For example Senator James Invoke, the ranking member on the Senate Environmental and Public Works Committee, has spent the last eight years battling over climate change and predications of catastrophic events due to global warming are a hoax (Frill, 2010). This signifies a positive change in the political aspect, however it takes more than one person to make a change. In addition to the causes and effects of global climate changes, there is yet another section that largely gets brought up for debate: world population. Proponents of global warming warn that the global population is growing so rapidly that it soon will become unstable, which in turn will help lead to climate increases and ultimately the end of the world. Rest assured that that will not be happening anytime soon. According to Hanna Kiloton, Director of the Nuns Population Division, world population is on a path towards non-explosion. Woman on average are having far fewer children and high fertility rates only affect sixteen percent of the [global] population (Harvey, 2011). Http://teaching-]iambi. Bloodspot. Com/ Knowledge is the key to take precautions steps to prevent over populating the world Knowledge is power. This has been the main goal for the past few decades with gradual success. More women are gaining their independence and ability to make family planning choices. According to the United Nations, an increase in family planning meaner the worlds population is predicted to level off at around 9. Billion during the middle of this century, before beginning to decline (Harvey, 2011). With worldwide education on family planning, as well as growing availability of health are, population can soon be stabilized and has no chance of threatening our world. As of the end of October 2011, the global population is estimated to have reached seven billion people. On a global scale, every ten seconds, forty-four people are born (Harvey, 2011). At first glance that seems unbelievable, astonishing, or maybe even unreal. As Americans it is difficult for anything to go beyond our view of the norm or what we are taught as the American Dream consisting of a normal eight to five Job, single family home with the white-picket fence, married couple with precisely two hillier (one boy, one girl). It is challenging to imagine that anything close to a family of twenty could be normal to a family found in Africa or even something as exotic as women not having a choice in family planning yet alone birth control methods; simply put, they hardly even have knowledge of these bizarre issues. Now after learning about the global birth rates, which is the only thing the global warming advocates will publish, take into consideration the global mortality rates. To make the mortality rate easier to understand or have on the same scale as the birth ate, globally every ten seconds, roughly eighteen people die (Marshall, 2007). To simplify theses statistics or to make them easier to understand see the chart below. This shows that our population is not necessarily headed for self-destruction, in fact looking at the difference in birth and death rates, it keeps a positive balance. The ice caps of Antarctica have a long history of melting and refreezing, they are Just going through a mild melting phase, but still have new area freezing daily. The desired demise of carbon dioxide is an oxymoron, as it is a vital aspect of the oxygen cycle that actually keeps the world stay green, not destroying life. The Green Movement is great way for consumers to save some money on their energy bills, but there is certainly not a promise tot the world coming to an end it you do not buy enough energy efficient light bulbs or a Pries. In conclusion, real science has proven Global Warming to be the hoax of the twenty-first century. On a global level, there does need to be changes made, but these changes will improve the quality of life as a whole, not save our world from a political scare epidemic. History has proven the real facts behind the existing changes in our world, as well as the history of political hoax stories. No matter what year it is, there will always be a story that can change someones mind enough to rebel and that is how scare tactics began, to regain control. This essay serves as a way to show more than Just the skewed facts and statistics that are out there being published by greedy scientists. A final goal is to make readers more aware of the information that are fed to them, and in hopes to remind everyone to question what they hear before setting it as fact. In the end, as Paul Harvey always said: and now you know the rest of the story (Could, 2012).

Passing Essays - Harlem Renaissance, American Literature, Passing

Passing By Nella Larsen Sexual and Racial Tension in Larsen's Passing Clare Kendry and Irene Redfield are the two main characters in Nella Larsen's Passing. We do not learn about the both of them by seeing or hearing the story from a neutral point of view. Rather, we are subject to envision the entire novel from behind the eyes of only one of these characters, Irene. At first, forcing the reader to suspend themselves in only one of these two complex minds may seem like a biased action on the part of the author. However, as we read further into the book, we soon discover that the limited third-person view is necessary to bring both of these figures to life. This is because Irene's perspective thrives off of Clare. Despite the fact that each have heavily contrasting personalities. Irene's vivid but seemingly painful descriptions of Clare only augment the racial and sexual tension that exists between them. From the very first page of the book, it is clear that Irene Redfield's personality clashes with Clare Kendry's. The moment Irene spies the second letter Clare has sent her, dressed up in "Italian paper...out of place and alien" (Larsen 9), it is obvious that there are many differences between these two young women. As the book progresses further, we soon learn more and more why Irene's feelings of resentment towards Clare are justifiable. Growing up, Clare had "never been exactly one of the group" (Larsen 20) and always wanted more out of life. Her desires and light skin eventually landed her in the "other world," passing off as white. Irene finds especially shocking how Clare could just drop her entire heritage like a brick and live with someone who considers African-Americans "black scrimy devils" (Larsen 40). Here we see the first signs of racial and sexual tension that exists between the two women. Irene is upset at Clare not only for completely denying and neglecting her own race, but also for letting herself be drawn to a man who does not appreciate her for who she is. Although Irene sometimes passes herself as white for certain perks in life, such as eating in fancy restaurants or associating with high class people, she still has kept most of her African-American ties in tact by marrying a upper class black man. There is sexual tension existing at this point as well. Sex is a forbidden and terrifying thing for young ladies who are passing. In Clare's case, there is fear. Fear that a black child may be conceived and her secret may be revealed. For Irene, sex is risky. She has set up such a perfect lifestyle with her husband and two kids that another child could threaten to ruin that. As the story continues, we see a roller coaster relationship forming between Clare and Irene. At various points in the book, they are the best of friends and the worst of enemies. However, one omnipresent theme remains throughout the story: the fact that Irene is constantly drawn back to Clare, regardless of what shenanigans she pulls. After her first incident with Clare, Irene vows that "[she] is through with Clare Kendry" (Larsen 31). Yet, it is not too far down the road when Irene once again finds herself drawn back to Clare. And like clockwork, she once again finds herself mortified by Clare's behavior, this time for supposedly having an affair with her husband. There is an obvious reason why Irene is constantly drawn back to Clare. She is sexually attracted and fascinated by her. Every time she talks about Clare, it is in a vivid and almost seductive way. The sexual attraction also goes both ways. Clare longs to return to her roots as a black person and stop living a life of secrecy. She expresses this desire through her allure towards Irene. The hints of sexual tension existing between these two women are peppered throughout the novel: "looking at the woman before her, Irene Redfield had a sudden inexplicable onrush of affectionate feeling..." (Larsen 65), "Clare's ivory face was what it always was, beautiful and caressing..." (Larsen 92). Clare's husband finally confronts her for being black. Even then, Irene is the last one to hold onto Clare before she falls out of a window and kills herself. Although Irene would admit that she only held Clare's arm to resist her freeing herself of her husband, I believe that Irene was attracted to her in an unconscious way and her first instinct was to protect Clare's safety. Thus, there is a

The use of metaphors Essays

The use of metaphors Essays The use of metaphors Essay The use of metaphors Essay The use of metaphors The use of metaphors plays an incredible role in creating a mental picture as applied in literal statements. As a result, it makes it easier for people to understand a given concept. A comparison drawn between a given phenomenon such as a natural attribute to a particular situation. A good example is portrayed in this statement, as dark as the night. By just stating this, one gets a clue or rather have an idea of how dark the night is thus can as well draw a comparison. The use of metaphors has thus been applied in various cultures and used as an analytical tool (Athanasiadou 12).A good example portrayed in a Chinese metaphor about the human body seen as a container. A similarity is seen between English and Chinese but at times also contradict by the way they use certain metaphors. According to the westerners, a different belief does exist, for instance, a sharp contrast drawn between the role played by their cultures. While the may all express their emotions they at times differ in the way they do it. Culture defines the rules and structure that a group of people follows to interpret and understand behaviors because ethnographic studies believe that cultural differences have social consequences when evaluating emotions. One of the best examples of this is when an individual from the Eskimo community of Utku depicts any form of sadness; ostracized because it is considered to be a taboo to show any signs of anger. There is no universal way of regulating responses, but different cultures have unwritten codes used to regulate expressions and the most common way is through the socialization process which either entails dialectical thinking or through emphasizing on positive thinking over negative thinking in the society. In Western culture, the most notable way of regulating it is through teaching positive thinking through discouraging negative thinking while in Eastern culture, they emphasize on dialectical thinking. All these aspects referred to as a social script that different cult ure uses to define the desirable forms of expression. One can learn and adapt to the shape of cultural expression that is beneficial to the culture they represent when taught at a tender age. In the previous century the notion of schema was highly explanatory across different disciplines such as cognitive science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and anthropology. Cultural schemas play the role of interpreting meanings of diverse cultures and the structures of their mode of communication in the society. A good example of how schemes work is in the way that people do things in a restaurant setup where one has to order, get served, pay the bill or even tip the waiter and so on (Sharifian, 2008). In many cultures, cultural schemas are similar to each other but the manner in which things done differs in many ways, and the same case applies to cultural conceptualization of language across cultures. Language also differs from one group to another especially when it comes to its definition and relationship with emotions and conceptualization of language and culture. The other aspect of cultural conceptualization that is crucial in understanding the relationship between cultural linguistics and culture is the concept of a cultural category which is an essential human cognitive activity across different cultures. Analysis The use of metaphor has been carried on since long ago; as a result, people compared actual human experience in their bodies with abstract objects and meant to enhance understanding now that it was possible to relate to such objects. The study has also attracted a lot of research with many now seeking to gain more understand as to why men decided to make use of such a stylistic feature. Despite there being different cultures in play a lot of similarities are also drawn. While focusing on happiness apart from just associating it with an expression, happiness is up. Several expressions are also created, such as; one saying he is feeling up, being high in spirit, trying to keep ones spirit high, come on just to name a few. These are used in English but imply the same thing. On the other hand, the Chinese also have similar expressions thus imply they are applied conventionally. From the analysis, the relation between emotion and culture can be well defined while looking at the definition of a cultural syndrome. It is a shared set of norms, beliefs, values and attitudes arranged around a theme shared by speakers of one language, at a given period in a particular geographical region. There are different ways in which people are expected to feel and express their feelings across diverse cultures and in different experiences such as weddings and funerals among other events in life. Different cultures value different emotions because there are those cultures that highly uphold the emotional expression of happiness than others as much as it is a desirable emotional expression across cultures. Some cultures have more individualistic views than others, and this means that they view emotions such as happiness as an individual based while other cultures see it as an experience that comes after sharing a special experience with someone or with a group of people. Ameri cans view happiness as an individual feeling of expression that can also enhanced through sharing a special relationship with someone else in the society. Comparative analysis on sadness A comparative study on metaphors touching on grief on different touching on different cultures is conducted. In this case, a comparison is drawn from the Chinese approach and English. Various researchers have also done. While gauging the human experience; one comes to realize how such cultures have a great influence on how they deal with sadness. In most cases, many approached it differently (Yi 11). As highlighted with by scholars, many differences were also identified, despite some exhibiting the same literal meaning they did imply the same thing. Metaphors were treated as a linguist tool used to pass a given message with a hidden meaning. The emotion was on the other hand used to portray how one felt while sad. It also manifested how one felt, thus likely to take tell once mode from the way they acted. Despite a lot of research being done about sadness, many focused on anger. As a result, many rarely took a time to study depression which also shows why the study on sadness was not sufficient. A lot of attention was, however, focused on happiness. While gauging the two languages one can realize that little was done thus leading to insufficient research (Li 206). Method While going about the research, different approaches were used to try and describe sadness. Materials were also sort from both Persian as well as English. In the attempt to come up with a great finding, different sources were also used. A good example portrayed when idioms, as well as Persian expression, are considered. It was found out that sadness commonly used in English as compared to Chinese. While sad, many showcased different attributes. One could also easily tell by the way they acted. At times, some would respond sluggishly some even associated sadness with low. From the metaphor, sadness is low, a common sign seen is dropped shoulders while sad.It also explains why many are likely to say they are feeling low when sad (Mashak 200). Sadness is associated with darkness, as seen from this metaphor, sadness is dark. It is associated with darkness owing to those experiencing such an emotion seeking to go in less bright places. On the other hand, those going through a jovial mode, however, love bright places and thus exhibit happiness. While comparing the two cultures, they also embrace the same belief. In English, much associate sadness with colors too as seen from the expression of one feeling blue. In Persian, many however associate the black color with sadness (Sun 175). Happiness Many are aware of the role played by happiness in various societies while dealing with human emotion. A study conducted on how it applies from two different cultural perspectives. As a result, many can gain understanding on their application. The attempt is used to identify the existing similarities as well as perceived differences between them. InEnglish, happiness is always associated with being up. In other words, one is likely to exhibit an erected posture; it is also the same in Chinese. Happiness is associated with a container filled with fluid. While comparing the two cultures they all view the human body as a container. In different occasions, happiness is seen as a reaction when one is happy thus likely to be showcased by individual physically. Many differences also are drawn concerning happiness. As a result of differing cultural perspectives, one is likely to see this reflected in how the two cultures react to pleasure (Yan Dirk 40). A universal sign of happiness is seen by how the eyes, as well as eyebrows, react when one is happy. In Chinese, many do portray raised eyebrows when happy but can as well represent relaxed eyes. In other words, an individuals mode is likely to be seen from how he reacts. ;;;;;;;;;;;Apart from just likening happiness to a fluid container, several metaphors were also developed and included expressions like; an individual saying that his heart is full of joy, or rather busting with joy, being overwhelmed with joy just to name a few. The same applies to Chinese metaphors now that the human frame also is seen as a container. In as much as the two shared these similarities, there also existed many differences. Just to illustrate this example, happiness is seen as if its elevated from the ground. On the other hand, it was also viewed as a flower in ones heart. A good example is depicted in an expression, being in the clouds, soaring, floating, as well as feet of the ground as applied in the use of metaphors. While comparing these with the Chinese view some associated such an expression, off the ground, with a proud individual. It is one of the greatest examples of given so far. Conclusion Often, the role of facial expression in the communication is debatable, and this is because cultural lessons affect the manner in which people react to different events in life. Facial expressions do not necessary have to reflect what an individual is thinking simply because a lot has changed in the modern society; different expressions may mean something else. By studying cultural metaphors one is likely to understand how different, different cultures approach this issue thus able to arrive at a proper conclusion. Work Cited Sharifian, Farzad (ed.). The Routledge handbook of language and culture. New York: Routledge. 2015. Sharifian, Farzad. Cultural Linguistics. In Farzad Sharifian (ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and culture,473492. New York: Routledge. 2015. Sharifian, Farzad, Rene Dirven, Ning Yu Susanne Neiemier (eds.). Culture, body, and language: Conceptualizations of internal body organs across cultures and languages. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 2008. Sharifian, Farzad Gary B. Palmer (eds.). Applied Cultural Linguistics: Implications for second language learning and intercultural communication. Amsterdam. 2007. John Benjamins, Sharifian, Farzad, Judith RochecousteIan G. Malcolm. 2004. Itwas all a bit confusing: Comprehending Aboriginal English texts. Language, Culture, and Curriculum 17(3). 203228. Sharifian, Farzad, Adriano Truscott, Patricia Konigsberg, Glenys C. Collard Ian G. Malcolm. Understanding stories my way: Aboriginal-English speaking students (mis)understanding of school literacy materials in Australian English. East Perth, WA: Department of Education. 2012. Siahaan, Poppy. Did he break your heart or your liver? A contrastive. 2008. Yi, Sun. A Research into the Motivation of Experiential Philosophy and Cultural Idiosyncrasies in the Domain of English-Chinese Emotion Metaphors [J]. Foreign Language Education 1. 2010. Li, Xiuzhi. Conceptual metaphor theory and teaching of English and Chinese idioms. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 1.3. 2010. Mashak, Shahrzad Pirzad, Abdolreza Pazhakh, and Abdolmajid Hayati. A comparative study on basic emotion conceptual metaphors in English and Persian literary texts. International Education Studies 5.1. 2012. Sun, Hong-mei. The Cognitive Study of Metaphor and its Application in English Language Teaching/Letude Cognitive De La Metaphore Et Son Application Dans Lenseignement De Langlais. Canadian Social Science 6.4. 2010. Yan, Ding, Dirk Noel, and Hans-Georg Wolf. Patterns in metaphor translation: a corpus-based case study of the translation of FEAR metaphors between English and Chinese. 2010.

Children Development1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children Development1 - Essay Example Childhood development is a stage by stage process that where a child develops the ability to do different things in life as he grows mature. Development just like growth is dependent on the age of the child (Kyla, 2008). A child development can be classified into certain stages of skills development which are: the gross motor here the child learns to use muscle to sit, walk and balance. The fine monitor where a child by using hands is able to eat, play and do other things. Language develops where a child can understand and use the body language in communication. The cognitive skills that include learning, understanding and reasoning. Lastly, the social skill where the child interacts with the family and develops relationship with the family members The respondents were chosen from a group of 8-18 years aged pupils from the primary schools and the secondary school in the Baltimore state. Each group was interviewed separately and comfort was provided to ensure the responses obtained were as natural as possible. Same set of questions were asked to the members of each group in order to determine if there exists any variation and the extent of the variation. Among the questions asked was the name of the respondent. The younger respondent replied in term of only the name while the older respondent replied in that respect in addition to including the gender and the age in years. Secondly they were asked about their preferred sport the younger respondent replied indicating the name of the friend who was preferred in playing while the older respondent include in addition to the sport other variety of sports he would most likely be playing if not his best post. They were also asked about their any other preferred activities and also the ir hobbies. The younger respondent said she liked reading but did not specify the book she also talked of making models of cartoons. Ten older respondent replied the a he liked reading specific genre of books and doping other activities like listening g to music , learning French, and following the football news, he also expressed his emotions towards his friends and parents . Similarly he expressed his hopes for a future career. Results The replies given by these two pupils' shows a variation in the detail given per the question asked. The younger respondent gave less detail and normally answered the questions just with reference to the question asked. The older pupil included some more details in the answer, provided usually giving a diverse background and including some more details which helped the interviewer get a better understanding of the respondent. Additionally, the older pupil expressed his emotions more clearly with clear reason as to why these thoughts are that way. The responses of the older pupil were based on his own self analysis and thoughts rather that including a second party in the response given. Discussions The observations according to Rosenberg were found to apply with regard to the responses given in each question asked. The younger respondents usually answered the questions asked based on their physical features and activities. The answer given to the question on age was definite and a fact. Similarly the replies showed the achievement that pupils have obtained and a specific preference to the pupil. Similarly the younger pupil replies indicated their possessions and their physical attributes. On the other hand the

Evaluate a classic study in psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluate a classic study in psychology - Essay Example Classic studies have been conducted to reveal the reason for the variations in accuracy of numerical detail regarding an event, particularly if it is tragic in nature like an accident. Interestingly, the variations observed in the different accounts seem to be dependent on some factors which influence the narrators’ judgment. In this study, one of such factors has been discussed to demonstrate the extent of influence by variables on the recalling of details resulting in reconstruction. According to Gruber and Goschke (2004), human cognition processes incorporating language and memory are complex behavioural and functional processes. In the findings, the authors reported that the human working memory can be divided into two systems distinguished from each other by their neuro-anatomical organization as well as by their evolutionary origin. In this work, it is admissible that the biology of the brain is behind the apparent disconnection between the language and memory of an event. The fact that there exists some division of the brain memory system, as occasioned by the anatomy and evolutionary functionality of the systems acts as a pointer that the human brain is prone to functional disjunctions. Reported details of an incident are therefore subject to the efficiency of the two systems of brain functionality, which evidently have some disconnection. To support this argument, Gruber and Goschke postulated that the two systems relied on different networks; one that su pports and mediates attention while the other mediates language functions. It has been found out that the control of these two systems is done from different centres; one prefrontal parietal and temporal systems dealing with behaviour while the other is controlled by the left hemisphere premotor and parietal region and largely directs language. Language